Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Estimation of auditory sensory thresholds from below: any evidence? From: Les Bernstein <lbernstein@xxxxxxxx> Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 10:34:01 -0500--------------lAs4VYIfVJQgsZPt8puim07r Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-MIME-Autoconverted: from 8bit to quoted-printable by edgeum3.it.mcgill.ca id 3ALFYJ5p074546 Daniel, I take issue with, as I think Drs. Green, Swets, and McFadden would,=20 your characterization of what is an important point about SDT.=C2=A0 (I n= ever=20 interacted with Spike Tanner with regard to such issues, but I suspect=20 he would as well).=C2=A0 SDT never, ever, considered the "difference betw= een=20 the perceptual representation =C2=A0of sub- and suprathreshold stimuli."=C2= =A0=20 That's because those concepts simply do not apply. A new nomenclature=20 was, in fact, suggested by Dennis McFadden and me at the May meeting of=20 the Acoustical Society of America at a session honoring the memory of=20 Dave Green.=C2=A0 As an example, it was suggested that one use *SV79* to=20 refer to the stimulus value yielding 79% correct.=C2=A0 After all, such=20 quantities are what the unfortunate redefinition of "threshold" has come=20 to represent. Les On 11/21/2023 3:09 AM, Oberfeld-Twistel, Daniel wrote: > *** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding,=20 > opening attachments or clicking on links. *** > > Absolutely, that=E2=80=99s why I put =E2=80=9Cthreshold=E2=80=9D in quo= tation marks in my=20 > post. It=E2=80=99s important to keep in mind that since the seminal wor= ks on=20 > the application of signal detection theory to psychophysics by Tanner,=20 > Green, Swets etc. in the 1960ies, we should always be aware that there=20 > is no =E2=80=9Cthreshold=E2=80=9D in the sense that stimuli below the t= hreshold are=20 > impossible to perceive while those above are always perceived. An=20 > important point the SDT makes is that the difference between the=20 > perceptual representation =C2=A0of sub- and suprathreshold stimuli is n= ot=20 > qualitative but quantitative. > > However, I know no catchy but less confusing replacements terms for=20 > =E2=80=9Cthreshold=E2=80=9D (e.g., =E2=80=9Csound level corresponding t= o 71% correct=20 > detection=E2=80=9D is certainly not an option =F0=9F=98=89) =E2=80=93 d= oes anyone? > > Daniel > > *From:*AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception < > *On Behalf Of=20 > *Les Bernstein > *Sent:* Monday, November 20, 2023 4:21 PM > *To:* AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx > *Subject:* Re: Estimation of auditory sensory thresholds from below:=20 > any evidence? > > Of course, there is no auditory "threshold" and Dr. Dennis McFadden=20 > has argued for years that the use of the term to indicate the=20 > magnitude of the independent variable corresponding to a given level=20 > of performance is to confuse the historical background.=C2=A0 Although = he=20 > is quite correct, I have no illusions that people will retire the=20 > term.=C2=A0 As for starting from "above," I agree with Dick.=C2=A0 It's= a more=20 > efficient way to conduct an experiment.=C2=A0 Still, in an objective=20 > psychophysical task with feedback, one could start from below.=C2=A0=C2= =A0=20 > Taking the 2-down, 1-up Levitt tracker as an example, in practice,=20 > starting from below tends to result in a bunch of "wasted" trials.=C2=A0= =20 > The method of limits is, of course, a biased psychophysical procedure=20 > that has its own set of issues. > > Les > > --=20 > *Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. **| *Professor Emeritus > Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of=20 > Medicine > 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 > Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 > > > > On 11/18/2023 12:30 AM, Richard F. Lyon wrote: > > *** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding, > opening attachments or clicking on links. *** > > I think the subject needs to feel like they're doing the job well, > so starting easy (above threshold) makes sense.=C2=A0 And they get = to > know very well what signal to listen for. > > If you approach from below, they don't know what signal to expect, > so may not be in an "optimal detector" state of mind. > > Dick > > On Fri, Nov 17, 2023 at 9:19=E2=80=AFPM Massimo Grassi > <massimo.grassi@xxxxxxxx> wrote: > > Dear all, > > I was recently writing a paper about threshold estimation in > hearing and at some point=C2=A0I stopped. > > Let suppose you are estimating a frequency discrimination > threshold with a classic 2-down 1-up staircase rule (Levitt, > 1971). Theoretically, you could approach the threshold from > below or from above, I repeat this every year to 1st year > students=C2=A0when I teach them the method of limits! In practi= ce, > however, in psychoacoustics we rarely-to-never approach the > threshold from below. > > Is there any reason for this "tradition"? I know=C2=A0the > psychometric function should be symmetric below and above > threshold! But this does not explain the "tradition"! > > All the best from "it is almost winter" North East Italy. > > m > --=20 *Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. **| *Professor Emeritus Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of=20 Medicine 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 --------------lAs4VYIfVJQgsZPt8puim07r Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="------------e2mXJ4E0jwI2HEnNitdOmXYt" --------------e2mXJ4E0jwI2HEnNitdOmXYt Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-MIME-Autoconverted: from 8bit to quoted-printable by edgeum3.it.mcgill.ca id 3ALFYJ5p074546 <!DOCTYPE html><html><head> <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dutf-8"> </head> <body> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Helvetica, Ar= ial, sans-serif">Daniel,<br> <br> I take issue with, as I think Drs. Green, Swets, and McFadden would, your characterization of what is an important point about SDT. (I never interacted with Spike Tanner with regard to s= uch issues, but I suspect he would as well). SDT never, ever, considered the "<span lang=3D"EN-US">difference between the perceptual representation of sub- and suprathreshold stimuli." That's because those concepts simply do no= t apply. A new nomenclature was, in fact, suggested by Dennis McFadden and me at the May meeting of the Acoustical Society of America at a session honoring the memory of Dave Green. As an example, it was suggested that one use <b>SV79</b> to refer to the stimulus value yielding 79% correct. After all, su= ch quantities are what the unfortunate redefinition of "threshold" has come to represent.<br> <br> Les<br> </span></font><br> On 11/21/2023 3:09 AM, Oberfeld-Twistel, Daniel wrote:<br> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite" cite=3D"mid:1eb20be482384878bc743b0b25be299= d@xxxxxxxx"> =20 <meta name=3D"Generator" content=3D"Microsoft Word 15 (filtered med= ium)"> <!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style><![endif]--> <style>@xxxxxxxx {font-family:Helvetica; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;}@xxxxxxxx {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}@xxxxxxxx {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}@xxxxxxxx {font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#002048"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}@xxxxxxxx {font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {margin:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {mso-style-priority:99; color:blue; text-decoration:underline;}span.E-MailFormatvorlage18 {mso-style-type:personal-reply; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:windowtext;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ligatures:none;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}</style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext=3D"edit" spidmax=3D"1026" /> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit"> <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"1" /> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <div style=3D"background-color:#D5EAFF; padding:.8em; "> <div style=3D"font-size:12pt; color:#ff0000; text-align: center; = font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"> *** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding, opening attachments or clicking on links. ***</div> </div> <div> <div class=3D"WordSection1"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US">Abso= lutely, that=E2=80=99s why I put =E2=80=9Cthreshold=E2=80=9D in quotation marks in my post. It=E2=80=99s important to kee= p in mind that since the seminal works on the application of signal detection theory to psychophysics by Tanner, Green, Swets etc. in the 1960ies, we should always be aware that there is no =E2=80=9Cthreshold=E2=80=9D in the= sense that stimuli below the threshold are impossible to perceive while those above are always perceived. An important point the SDT makes is that the difference between the perceptual representation of sub- and suprathreshol= d stimuli is not qualitative but quantitative.<o:p></o:p></= span></font></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US"><o:p= > </o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US">Howe= ver, I know no catchy but less confusing replacements terms for =E2=80=9Cthreshold=E2=80= =9D (e.g., =E2=80=9Csound level corresponding to 71% correct detecti= on=E2=80=9D is certainly not an option </span></font><font face=3D"Segoe= UI Emoji"><span style=3D"font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-ser= if;mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US">=F0=9F=98=89</span></font><= span style=3D"mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US"> ) =E2=80=93 doe= s anyone?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US"><o:p= > </o:p></span></font></p> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><spa= n style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual" lang=3D"EN-= US">Daniel </span></font><span lang=3D"EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US" lang=3D"EN-US"><o:p= > </o:p></span></font></p> <div style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:= 0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt"> <div> <div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;pa= dding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibr= i"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:bold" lang=3D"EN-US">From:= </span></font></b><span lang=3D"EN-US"> AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception < > <b><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of </sp= an></b>Les Bernstein<br> <b><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Monday, November 20, 2023 4:21 PM<br> <b><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> <a class=3D"moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href=3D"mailto:= AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a><br> <b><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></= b> Re: Estimation of auditory sensory thresholds from below: any evidence?<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><spa= n style=3D"font-size:11.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></fon= t></p> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Helvetica">= <span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-se= rif">Of course, there is no auditory "threshold" an= d Dr. Dennis McFadden has argued for years that the use of the term to indicate the magnitude of the independent variable corresponding to a given level of performance is to confuse the historical background. Although he is quite correct, I hav= e no illusions that people will retire the term. As = for starting from "above," I agree with Dick.&n= bsp; It's a more efficient way to conduct an experiment. St= ill, in an objective psychophysical task with feedback, one could start from below. Taking the 2-= down, 1-up Levitt tracker as an example, in practice, starting from below tends to result in a bunch of "wasted" trials. The method of limits= is, of course, a biased psychophysical procedure that has its own set of issues.<br> <br> Les<br> <br> </span></font>-- <br> <b><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"><span style=3D"font-si= ze:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;font-weight:bold">Lesl= ie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. </span></font></b><b><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial">= <span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;= font-weight:bold">| </span></font></b><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"><sp= an style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Pr= ofessor Emeritus</span></font><br> <font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"><span style=3D"font-size:= 10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Medicine </span></font><br> <font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"><span style=3D"font-size:= 10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401</span></= font><br> <font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"><span style=3D"font-size:= 10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495<br> <br> <img style=3D"width:1.3009in;height:.5in" id=3D"Bild_= x0020_1" src=3D"cid:part1.vxcA02X1.f3Uhdx2T@xxxxxxxx" class=3D"" width=3D= "125" height=3D"48"></span></font><br> <br> On 11/18/2023 12:30 AM, Richard F. Lyon wrote:<o:p></o:p>= </p> </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:center;backgro= und:#D5EAFF" align=3D"center"> <font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calibri" color=3D"red"><span s= tyle=3D"font-size:12.0pt;color:red">*** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding, opening attachments or clicking on links. ***<o:p><= /o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">I think the subject needs to feel like they're doing the job well, so starting easy (above threshold) makes sense. And they get to know very well wha= t signal to listen for.<o:p></o:p></span></font><= /p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">If you approach from below, they don't know what signal to expect, so may not be in an "optimal detector"= ; state of mind.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Dick<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"3" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri">= <span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calib= ri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">On Fri, Nov 17, 2023 at 9:19=E2=80=AFPM Massimo Grassi <<a href=3D= "mailto:massimo.grassi@xxxxxxxx" moz-do-not-send=3D"true" class=3D"moz-tx= t-link-freetext">massimo.grassi@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </div> <blockquote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid #CCC= CCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm"> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Cal= ibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">Dear all, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font><= /p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">I was recently writing a paper about threshold estimation in hearing and at some point I stopped= . <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font><= /p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">Let suppose you are estimating a frequency discrimination threshold with a classic 2-down 1-up staircase rule (Levitt, 1971). Theoretically, you could approach the threshold from below or from above, I repeat this every year to 1st year students when I teach them the method = of limits! In practice, however, in psychoacoustics we rarely-to-never approach the threshold from below.<o:p></o:= p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font><= /p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">Is there any reason for this "tradition"? I kn= ow the psychometric function should be symmetric below and above threshold! But this does not explain the "tradition"!<o:p>= </o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font><= /p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">All the best from "it is almost winter" North East = Italy.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"C= alibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt">m<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> </div> </div> </blockquote> </div> </div> </blockquote> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font s= ize=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </= o:p></span></font></p> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Calibri"><s= pan style=3D"font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> <br> <br> <div class=3D"moz-signature">-- <br> =20 <title></title> <div class=3D"moz-signature"> <div class=3D"moz-signature"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;f= ont-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#002048"">Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. </span></= b><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-s= erif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">| </span></b><span style=3D"font-siz= e:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family= : "Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">Professor Emeritus</span><sp= an style=3D"mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><o:p></= o:p></span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",= sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""></span><br> <div class=3D"moz-signature"> <div class=3D"moz-signature"> <div class=3D"moz-signature"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0p= t;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""></span> <div class=3D"moz-signature"><span style=3D"font-size:10.= 0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""> Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Medicine </span><br> <span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial= ",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""></span><span style=3D"font-siz= e:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401</span><br> <span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial= ",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""></span><span style=3D"font-siz= e:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495<br> <br> <img moz-do-not-send=3D"false" src=3D"cid:part1.vxcA0= 2X1.f3Uhdx2T@xxxxxxxx" alt=3D"" width=3D"125" height=3D"48"><br> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> --------------e2mXJ4E0jwI2HEnNitdOmXYt Content-Type: image/png; name="image001.png" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="image001.png" Content-ID: <part1.vxcA02X1.f3Uhdx2T@xxxxxxxx> Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAH0AAAAwCAMAAAALmIWlAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJ bWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAADNQTFRFKzVYHCZM4eLn8PHzpKi30dTbaG+IlZqrs7fDWWB8O0Nkd32U wsXPSlJwhoufDRhA////A68jmAAAABF0Uk5T/////////////////////wAlrZliAAACYklEQVR4 2uzY22KDIAwAUC7e6gjw/187gUC4OetaupflaTXKWSuBKNMuJptC+QMCP20auPHBQCubBWU46K24 uB7NfZ58ZqaMP8D8AEBHtT/goXnB8WPwBf8r1WYUXWxUOZobHcJXIMcfONclmE4s0lrRzYBIOjvT jX5WV6YbP2ZQJ6TWjfiAbuYzHW7p+xpuolQrP83sjQ5nupnu6LqaJ92MbnSznulcfkBHpNXNY6y+ c0JKnWX1eFeflQt5qcNESKnrQMrf6LSAXeiWkEoXdOU4nZBKxzPnoTohtW5ZZyK8W09Io6tYjyP1 iDS6XbAeh815S0irS6zHUfXuB0Ok1S3W41AdEWh1/Nb7UD1bWytd0LY4ThdnerYbBJ1taT5XBmy4 J8mNnWagp5fbba6HeiTdneK6vNgoFj0EhyO4eSZT6AlpdNXoNzqYi94GbIU0eqhHp3d5drRf4heZ Uo9Iq8vYptup6VB37H6m/W6m0hFpdaxH3/yK9cHpVq5Zy59n2GMV/QxPGdV9NElPE9njyOozsfWW Kq6j7bLuw97KPBnM/mX86//6n+tH/yLKP7AUXcyd80Lx53WnspB47ty5qKND1gLockfIFzHR7srp Q7X0+6GgHPNFXedPyaN1CPFli71z+ZBeTxbcI2RXxwOQj/lW/Ui610Z6gA4a32WRrssXYbO76V/Z y6FLnZVj/qCnqGcdZE1DeFKcntWrMV/RZXCh7B/fpF/+8tQQx6J74y9/Oeuyrm75+Jyf8oKWH9CL 1SYNJtJ91HTOAD2fdjPN9UcsumwmDNYXqvPtOLa9pH8LMACnoV0siZAyOAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== --------------e2mXJ4E0jwI2HEnNitdOmXYt-- --------------lAs4VYIfVJQgsZPt8puim07r--