Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing (ieish gamah )

Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing From: ieish gamah <ieish@xxxxxxxx> Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 17:49:13 +0000 --_004_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_ Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="_000_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_" --_000_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1250" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Dear List, Following this fascinating thread, I wonder if I might just sound a small n= ote of caution regarding the conflation of the terms sex and gender? And I make this cautionary 'ahem', with the sincerest of motives, as in my primary field (that of psychology), this linguistic swapping is ca= using considerable confusion. One, sex, is a biological descriptor. Gender, on the other hand, is a socio= logical term with its theoretical antecedents in, at best sparse data, and = at worst dubious assumptions, made by its original proposers. Apologies, for jumping in! Best wishes, Ieish Gamah MBPsS On 12 January 2022, at 11:34 am, Mikkel Wallentin <mikkel@xxxxxxxx> wrote: Adding to the critical remarks about sex difference research, I think it is= always important to ask the question =93why=94. Why would there be a general sex difference in evolutionary pressure on aud= itory processing for vertebrates? I can almost think of reasons for song birds and other species where sound = is part of mating, but nothing that generalizes. There is a ton of junk research on sex differences, reporting non-replicabl= e effects. Even when differences can be measured, these may, as has been me= ntioned, be side effects of other sex differences, e.g. differences in body= /head size or axon length (leading to differences in timing). This does not mean that we should not investigate sex/gender differences, b= ut just that it is important to remain critical. It is also important to di= fferentiate between =93dimorphisms=94 and subtle differences in distributio= ns that may or may not have any real life consequences. I discuss the question of what constitutes a sex/gender difference in relat= ion to language and the brain here in a paper from 2020: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.00007-2 For a general review on the neuroscience of =93dimorphisms=94 in the human = brain, I can also recommend this paper by Eliot et al (2021): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026 -- Med venlig hilsen/Best regards, Mikkel Wallentin Professor, PhD Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science & Semiotics Aarhus University Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2 8000 Aarhus C Denmark Mobile: +45-26716912 1 From: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx>= on behalf of Baskent, D (kno) <00000187abab8d23-dmarc-request@xxxxxxxx= .CA> Date: Wednesday, 12 January 2022 at 06.56 To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing Dear all, If you will look for McFadden papers, please also see a commentary we wrote= about one of his related papers. The point of this commentary is that mayb= e sex/gender differences (or race differences also) are not as "well known"= as we assume, and there could be a number of confounds in such studies: https://psyarxiv.com/ghfpv/ When choosing references for such differences, I think it pays to be a bit = critical to not potentially spread possibly not very clear or accurate find= ings. Ani, your question is a legitimate one, ie, if some effects reported in one= small-sample size study would also hold with larger populations, or across= a number of studies. What I observe is that often we add an analysis of se= x/gender/race factor without a strong background hypothesis for why we shou= ld do so, and it feels often this analysis is done just because it has alwa= ys been done. And then when we find an effect within a small population and= for a study that was not necessarily designed for investigating sex differ= ences, we conclude a bit fast that there is such difference. In many listen= ing/speech tests, linguistic skills, musical background or aptitude, own or= parents' education level (especially for children), or other demographic f= actors may actually play a larger role, but somehow instead of such potenti= ally more relevant factors, gender/sex difference analysis is conducted. I = am worried this leads to misleading conclusions. Where a sex difference is reported, it is sometimes done based on great man= y assumptions. One big assumption is that what one reports as gender is eq= uivalent to one's sex too. For example, if there is a female-sex related ho= rmone that may have an effect on a hearing-related mechanism, then one's re= ported gender may or may not indicate the presence of such hormone. How cou= ld we know that? Same goes with race effects. One may identify themselves a= s African-American without having dark skin, while the hearing-effects rela= ted to skin color have been shown for melatonin levels. Hence, without meas= uring melatonin or skin color per se, and just asking participants their se= lf-identified race, again, may lead to wrong conclusions. Where there seems consistent differences between males and females in liter= ature seems in the hearing thresholds in older age groups, and often these = are large-sample studies and seem to hold across different populations acro= ss studies. (By the way, it looks like this difference seems to become smal= ler with younger generations.) An idea related to this is female hormones p= otentially having protective effects for hearing, as mentioned above, but a= nother idea is environmental factors, such as males being more exposed to l= ouder environments, especially in older generations, such as working in fac= tories with no or minimal hearing protection. In short, these differences may or may not be there, but I would not say th= ese are well-known. It is not a given. Instead, I would suggest that we all= be careful about what a study really measured and was the finding valid; w= as it really designed to identify such differences,did it use correct parad= igms, did it choose appropriate populations, are conclusions interpreted co= rrectly? Also in own studies, are we looking into such differences for good= reasons, based on prior work and evidence for it, or just because it has a= lways been done this way and it is easy to throw this factor into the analy= sis? This would be my long answer to a seemingly short question. :) Hope it help= s. Best, Deniz -------------------------- Prof. dr. ir. D. Ba=BAkent Speech Perception Lab (dB SPL) Department of Otorhinolaryngology School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience (BCN) W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) University of Groningen (RUG) Tel: +31 (0) 50 3612665 (Ms. J. Breetveld) Visiting address: UMCG, Hanzeplein 1, Room P3.248 Website (also for dB SPL): dbaskent.org<http://dbaskent.org> ________________________________ Van: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> = namens Bernstein,Leslie <lbernstein@xxxxxxxx> Verzonden: maandag 10 januari 2022 16:45 Aan: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx Onderwerp: Re: Sex differences in auditory processing Google: sex differences McFadden On 1/9/2022 10:33 AM, Patel, Aniruddh D. wrote: *** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding, opening a= ttachments or clicking on links. *** Dear List, I am trying to find papers reporting sex differences in behavioral or neura= l measures of auditory processing in vertebrates. I'd be grateful for pointers to any references, including review chapters. Btw, my impression from the papers I've found so far is that females genera= lly outperform males (e.g., refs below), and I wonder if this holds across = a larger set of studies. Benichov, J. I., Benezra, S. E., Vallentin, D., Globerson, E., Long, M. A.,= & Tchernichovski, O. (2016). The forebrain song system mediates predictive= call timing in female and male zebra finches. Current Biology, 26(3), 309-= 318. Kriengwatana, B., Spierings, M. J., & ten Cate, C. (2016). Auditory discrim= ination learning in zebra finches: effects of sex, early life conditions an= d stimulus characteristics. Animal Behaviour, 116, 99-112. Krizman, J., Bonacina, S., & Kraus, N. (2020). Sex differences in subcortic= al auditory processing only partially explain higher prevalence of language= disorders in males. Hearing research, 398, 108075. Thanks, and best wishes for the new year, Ani Patel Aniruddh D. Patel Professor, Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University CIFAR Fellow Brain, Mind, and Consciousness Program https://as.tufts.edu/psychology/people/faculty/aniruddh-patel<https://eur03= .safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%= 2F__https%3A%2F%2Fas.tufts.edu%2Fpsychology%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Faniruddh-p= atel__%3B!!N0rdg9Wr!-B1Qkijt2L4jWa6kLt8rz81rhupjTXHCULBFwkjjsMo9nLI3X5q-k1M= 0E5xCaAKGZQ%24&data=3D04%7C01%7Cd.baskent%40UMCG.NL%7Cc66117ef83b1430a4a2a0= 8d9d4c09b08%7C335122f9d4f44d67a2fccd6dc20dde70%7C0%7C0%7C637774745977859663= %7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haW= wiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=3D%2BVWVqAOSl7ev4xM3PIXTxlSVlsvQcndVQhxc%2BP2= AjlY%3D&reserved=3D0> -- Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. | Professor Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Medic= ine 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 [cid:image001.png@xxxxxxxx ________________________________ De inhoud van dit bericht is vertrouwelijk en alleen bestemd voor de geadre= sseerde(n). Anderen dan de geadresseerde(n) mogen geen gebruik maken van di= t bericht, het niet openbaar maken of op enige wijze verspreiden of vermeni= gvuldigen. Het UMCG kan niet aansprakelijk gesteld worden voor een incomple= te aankomst of vertraging van dit verzonden bericht. The contents of this message are confidential and only intended for the eye= s of the addressee(s). Others than the addressee(s) are not allowed to use = this message, to make it public or to distribute or multiply this message i= n any way. The UMCG cannot be held responsible for incomplete reception or = delay of this transferred message. --_000_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_ Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1250" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <html> <head> <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1= 250"> <meta name=3D"Generator" content=3D"Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"> <style>  </style> </head> <body lang=3D"en-DK" link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple" style=3D"word-wrap:brea= k-word"> <style>  </style> Dear List, Following this fascinating thread, I wonder if I might just = sound a small note of caution regarding the conflation of the terms sex and= gender? And I make this cautionary 'ahem', with the sincerest of mot= ives, as in my primary field (that of psychology), this linguistic swapping is ca= using considerable confusion. One, sex, is a biological descriptor. Gender, on the other h= and, is a sociological term with its theoretical antecedents in, at best sp= arse data, and at worst dubious assumptions, made by its original proposers= . Apologies, for jumping in! Best wishes, Ieish Gamah MBPsS On 12 January 2022, at 11:34 am, Mikkel Wallentin <mikkel@xxxxxxxx> w= rote: <div> <div class=3D"WordSection1"> Adding to the critic= al remarks about sex difference research, I think it is always important to= ask the question =93why=94.   Why would there be a= general sex difference in evolutionary pressure on auditory processing for= vertebrates? I can almost think o= f reasons for song birds and other species where sound is part of mating, b= ut nothing that generalizes.   There is a ton of ju= nk research on sex differences, reporting non-replicable effects. Even when= differences can be measured, these may, as has been mentioned, be side eff= ects of other sex differences, e.g. differences in body/head size or axon length (leading to differences in timing).</span= >   This does not mean t= hat we should not investigate sex/gender differences, but just that it is i= mportant to remain critical. It is also important to differentiate between = =93dimorphisms=94 and subtle differences in distributions that may or may not have any real life consequences.<= /p>   I discuss the question of what cons= titutes a sex/gender difference in relation to language and the brain here = in a paper from 2020: <a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1016/= B978-0-444-64123-6.00007-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.0000= 7-2</a> For a general review on the neurosc= ience of =93dimorphisms=94 in the human brain, I can also recommend this pa= per by Eliot et al (2021): <a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1016/= j.neubiorev.2021.02.026" target=3D"_blank" title=3D"Persistent link using d= igital object identifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026</= a>       --  Med venlig hilsen/Best regards,</sp= an>   Mikkel Wallentin Professor, PhD Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science &= Semiotics Aarhus University Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2 8000 Aarhus C Denmark Mobile: +45-26716912 1             <div style=3D"border:none; border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt; padding:3.0pt 0c= m 0cm 0cm"> From: AUDITORY - Researc= h in Auditory Perception <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> on behalf of Bask= ent, D (kno) <00000187abab8d23-dmarc-request@xxxxxxxx> Date: Wednesday, 12 January 2022 at 06.56 To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing</span= > </div> <div id=3D"divtagdefaultwrapper"> Dear&n= bsp;all= ,  = If you= will look for McFadden papers, please also see a commentary we wrote about=  o= ne of his related papers. The point of this commentary is that maybe sex/gender differences (or race=  d= ifferences also) = are not as "well known" as we assume, and t= here could be a number of confounds in such studies: <a hre= f=3D"https://psyarxiv.com/ghfpv/">https://psy= arxiv.com/ghfpv/</a>  = When choosing references for such differences, I think it pays to = be a bit critical to not potentially spread possibly not very clear or accu= rate findings.<= /p>  = Ani, y= our question is a legitimate one, ie, if some effects reported in </sp= an>one </= span>small-sample size study would a= lso hold with larger populations, or across a number of studies. What I observe is tha= t = often we </s= pan>add an analysis of s= ex/gender/race factor&nb= sp;without a strong background hypothesis for why we should <sp= an lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt; color:black">do so, and it feels= often this analysis&nbs= p;is done just because it has always been done. And then when we find an effect within a small population and for a = study that was not necessarily designed for investigating sex differences, = we conclude a bit f= ast that there is such difference. In many listening/speech tests, linguistic skills, musical </s= pan>background=  or aptitude, own or parents' education level (especially fo<= span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt; color:black">r children), or other demog= raphic factors may actually play a larger role, but somehow instead of such potentially more relevant factors, gender/sex difference analysis is conducte= d. I am worried this leads to misleading conclusions.  = Where a sex d= ifference is reported, it is sometimes done based on great many a= ssumptions.  One big assumption is that what one reports as gender is equivalent to one's sex too. For example, if there is a femal= e-sex related hormone that may have an effect on a hearing-related mechanis= m, then one's reported gender may or may not indicate the presence of such = hormone. How could we know that? Same goes with race effects. One may identify themselves as African-Americ= an without having dark skin, while the hearing-effects related to skin colo= r have been shown for melatonin levels. Hence, without measuring melatonin or skin color per se, and just asking p= articipants their self-identified race, again, may lead to wrong conclusions.  = Where&= nbsp;th= ere seems consist= ent differences between males and females in literature seems in the hearing thresholds in older age groups, and often these are large-sample studies and seem to hold across different populations across studies. (By th= e way, it looks l= ike this difference seems to become smaller with younger generations.) A= n idea related to this is female hormones potentially having protective eff= ects&nb= sp;for hearing, as mentioned= above, but another idea is environmental factors, such as males being&nbsp= ;more&n= bsp;exposed to louder environments, especially in older generations, such as working i= n factories with no or minimal hearing protection.  = In sho= rt, these differences may or may not be there, but I would not&nb= sp;say<= /span> these are well-known. It is not a given. Instead, I would suggest that we all be careful about= what a study really measured and was the finding valid; was it really designed to identify such differences,did it use correct p= aradigms, did it choose appropriate populations, are conclusions interpreted correctly? Also = in own studies, are we looking into such differences for good reasons, base= d on prior work and evidence for it, or just because it has always been don= e this way and it is easy to throw this factor into the analysis?&nb= sp;  = This w= ould be my long answer to a seemingly short question. :) Hope it helps.</sp= an>  = Best,<= /span> Deniz<= /span> <div id=3D"Signature"> <div id=3D"divtagdefaultwrapper"> <div> <div> <div>   </div> <div> ------= -------------------- Prof. dr. ir. D. = Ba=BAkent </div> <div> Speech= Perception Lab (dB SPL) <div> Depa= rtment of Otorhinolaryngology School of Behavioral= and Cognitive Neuroscience (BCN) </div> <div> W.J. K= olff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science<span= style=3D"font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color= :#202124"> </div> <div> Univ= ersity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) University of Gronin= gen (RUG) </div> Tel: += 31 (0) 50 3612665 (Ms. J. Breetveld) </div> <div> <div> Visiti= ng address: UMCG, Hanzeplein 1, Room P3.248 </div> <div> Websit= e (also for dB SPL): <a href=3D"http://dbaskent.org" target=3D"_blank"><spa= n style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">dbaskent.org<= /a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div> <div class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center"><span= style=3D"font-size:10.0pt; color:black"> <hr size=3D"0" width=3D"100%" align=3D"center"> </div> <div id=3D"divRplyFwdMsg"> Van: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception <AUDIT= ORY@xxxxxxxx> namens Bernstein,Leslie <lbernstein@xxxxxxxx>= Verzonden: maandag 10 januari 2022 16:45 Aan: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx Onderwerp: Re: Sex differences in auditory processing <div>  = </div> </div> <div> <div> Google: sex differences McFadden</spa= n> On 1/9/2022 10:33 AM, Patel, Aniruddh D. wrote: </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt; margin-bottom:5.0pt"> <div> *** Attention: This is an exter= nal email. Use caution responding, opening attachments or clicking on links= . *** </div> <div> <div> Dear List,= </div> <div>  = </div> <div> I am trying to find papers reporting sex differences in behavio= ral or neural measures of auditory processing in vertebrates. <div> I'd be grateful for pointers to any references, includ= ing review chapters. </div> <div>   </div> <div> Btw, my impression from the papers I've found so far i= s that females generally outperform males (e.g., refs below), and I wonder = if this holds across a larger  </div> <div> set of studies. </div> <div>   </div> <div> Benichov, J. I., Benezra, S. E., Vallentin, D., Globerson, E., Long= , M. A., & Tchernichovski, O. (2016). The forebrain song system mediates predictive call timing in female and male zebra finch= es. Current Biology, 26(3), 309-318. </div> <div>   </div> <div> Kriengwatana, B., Spierings, M. J., & ten Cate, C. (2016). Audi= tory discrimination learning in zebra finches: effects of sex, early life conditions and stimulus characteristics. Animal= Behaviour, 116, 99-112. </div> <div>   </div> <div> Krizman, J., Bonacina, S., & Kraus, N. (2020). Sex differences = in subcortical auditory processing only partially explain higher prevalence of language disorders in males. Hearing research= , 398, 108075. </div> <div>   </div> <div> Thanks, and best wishes for the new year, </div> <div>   </div> Ani Patel<= /span> </div> <div> <div>  = </div> <div id=3D"Signature"> <div> <div> Anirud= dh D. Patel </div> <div> Profes= sor, Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University </div> <div>  = </div> <div> CIFAR = Fellow  </div> <div> Brain,= Mind, and Consciousness Program </div> <div>  = </div> <div> <a hre= f=3D"https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fur= ldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fas.tufts.edu%2Fpsychology%2Fpeople%2Ffa= culty%2Faniruddh-patel__%3B!!N0rdg9Wr!-B1Qkijt2L4jWa6kLt8rz81rhupjTXHCULBFw= kjjsMo9nLI3X5q-k1M0E5xCaAKGZQ%24&data=3D04%7C01%7Cd.baskent%40UMCG.NL%7= Cc66117ef83b1430a4a2a08d9d4c09b08%7C335122f9d4f44d67a2fccd6dc20dde70%7C0%7C= 0%7C637774745977859663%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoi= V2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=3D%2BVWVqAOSl7ev4xM= 3PIXTxlSVlsvQcndVQhxc%2BP2AjlY%3D&reserved=3D0">https://as.tufts.edu/ps= ychology/people/faculty/aniruddh-patel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote>   <div> -- <br= > Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. | Professor Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Medic= ine 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 <img border=3D"0" width=3D"125" height=3D"48" id=3D"_x0000_i1026" src=3D"ci= d:image001.png@xxxxxxxx" style=3D"width:1.302in; height:.5in"></sp= an> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center"> <hr size=3D"0" width=3D"100%" align=3D"center"> </div> De inhoud van dit bericht is vertrouwelijk en alleen= bestemd voor de geadresseerde(n). Anderen dan de geadresseerde(n) mogen ge= en gebruik maken van dit bericht, het niet openbaar maken of op enige wijze= verspreiden of vermenigvuldigen. Het UMCG kan niet aansprakelijk gesteld worden voor een incomplete aankoms= t of vertraging van dit verzonden bericht. The contents of this message are confidential and only intended for the eye= s of the addressee(s). Others than the addressee(s) are not allowed to use = this message, to make it public or to distribute or multiply this message i= n any way. The UMCG cannot be held responsible for incomplete reception or delay of this transferred message.= </div> </div> </body> </html> --_000_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_-- --_004_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_ Content-Type: image/png; name="image001.png" Content-Description: image001.png Content-Disposition: inline; filename="image001.png"; size=797; creation-date="Wed, 12 Jan 2022 09:58:58 GMT"; modification-date="Wed, 12 Jan 2022 17:49:12 GMT" Content-ID: <image001.png@xxxxxxxx> Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAH0AAAAwCAMAAAALmIWlAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJ bWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAADNQTFRFKzVYHCZM4eLn8PHzpKi30dTbaG+IlZqrs7fDWWB8O0Nkd32U wsXPSlJwhoufDRhA////A68jmAAAABF0Uk5T/////////////////////wAlrZliAAACYklEQVR4 2uzY22KDIAwAUC7e6gjw/187gUC4OetaupflaTXKWSuBKNMuJptC+QMCP20auPHBQCubBWU46K24 uB7NfZ58ZqaMP8D8AEBHtT/goXnB8WPwBf8r1WYUXWxUOZobHcJXIMcfONclmE4s0lrRzYBIOjvT jX5WV6YbP2ZQJ6TWjfiAbuYzHW7p+xpuolQrP83sjQ5nupnu6LqaJ92MbnSznulcfkBHpNXNY6y+ c0JKnWX1eFeflQt5qcNESKnrQMrf6LSAXeiWkEoXdOU4nZBKxzPnoTohtW5ZZyK8W09Io6tYjyP1 iDS6XbAeh815S0irS6zHUfXuB0Ok1S3W41AdEWh1/Nb7UD1bWytd0LY4ThdnerYbBJ1taT5XBmy4 J8mNnWagp5fbba6HeiTdneK6vNgoFj0EhyO4eSZT6AlpdNXoNzqYi94GbIU0eqhHp3d5drRf4heZ Uo9Iq8vYptup6VB37H6m/W6m0hFpdaxH3/yK9cHpVq5Zy59n2GMV/QxPGdV9NElPE9njyOozsfWW Kq6j7bLuw97KPBnM/mX86//6n+tH/yLKP7AUXcyd80Lx53WnspB47ty5qKND1gLockfIFzHR7srp Q7X0+6GgHPNFXedPyaN1CPFli71z+ZBeTxbcI2RXxwOQj/lW/Ui610Z6gA4a32WRrssXYbO76V/Z y6FLnZVj/qCnqGcdZE1DeFKcntWrMV/RZXCh7B/fpF/+8tQQx6J74y9/Oeuyrm75+Jyf8oKWH9CL 1SYNJtJ91HTOAD2fdjPN9UcsumwmDNYXqvPtOLa9pH8LMACnoV0siZAyOAAAAABJRU5ErkJgggA= --_004_AM7P189MB0757FC97B2570E1A6CEF19E9B1529AM7P189MB0757EURP_--

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