Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing (Didier Depireux )

Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing From: Didier Depireux <depireux@xxxxxxxx> Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 16:23:06 -0500 --000000000000c4794805d5692db4 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000c4794605d5692db3" --000000000000c4794605d5692db3 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable A few papers were recently published by Ronna Hertzano's labs, including 1) Sex differences in hearing: Probing the role of estrogen signaling <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31255106/> (a review) 2) The impact of biological sex on the response to noise and otoprotective therapies against acoustic injury in mice <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530094/> 3) Estradiol Protects against Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Modulates Auditory Physiology in Female Mice <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34830090/> Glad to answer questions you might have. 17=CE=B2-estradiol (E2) is a known modulator of auditory physiology, and I = don't think there is evolutionary pressure to have hearing fluctuate over the hormonal cycle. I *think *hearing (and resilience to hearing loss) dimorphism might be at least in part a by-product of the available hormones and receptors across sexes and genders. Didier Didier A Depireux depireux@xxxxxxxx CSO, Otolithlabs 410-925-6546 On Wed, Jan 12, 2022 at 6:33 AM Mikkel Wallentin <mikkel@xxxxxxxx> wrote: > Adding to the critical remarks about sex difference research, I think it > is always important to ask the question =E2=80=9Cwhy=E2=80=9D. > > > > Why would there be a general sex difference in evolutionary pressure on > auditory processing for vertebrates? > > I can almost think of reasons for song birds and other species where soun= d > is part of mating, but nothing that generalizes. > > > > There is a ton of junk research on sex differences, reporting > non-replicable effects. Even when differences can be measured, these may, > as has been mentioned, be side effects of other sex differences, e.g. > differences in body/head size or axon length (leading to differences in > timing). > > > > This does not mean that we should not investigate sex/gender differences, > but just that it is important to remain critical. It is also important to > differentiate between =E2=80=9Cdimorphisms=E2=80=9D and subtle difference= s in distributions > that may or may not have any real life consequences. > > > > I discuss the question of what constitutes a sex/gender difference in > relation to language and the brain here in a paper from 2020: > > https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.00007-2 > > For a general review on the neuroscience of =E2=80=9Cdimorphisms=E2=80=9D= in the human > brain, I can also recommend this paper by Eliot et al (2021): > > https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026 > > > > > > > > -- > > Med venlig hilsen/Best regards, > > > > *Mikkel Wallentin* > > *Professor, PhD* > > Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science & Semiotics > > Aarhus University > > Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2 > > 8000 Aarhus C > > Denmark > > Mobile: +45-26716912 > > 1 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > *From: *AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception < > AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> on behalf of Baskent, D (kno) < > 00000187abab8d23-dmarc-request@xxxxxxxx> > *Date: *Wednesday, 12 January 2022 at 06.56 > *To: *AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> > *Subject: *Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing > > Dear all, > > > > If you will look for McFadden papers, please also see a commentary we > wrote about one of his related papers. The point of this commentary is > that maybe sex/gender differences (or race differences also) are not as > "well known" as we assume, and there could be a number of confounds in > such studies: > > https://psyarxiv.com/ghfpv/ > > > > When choosing references for such differences, I think it pays to be a bi= t > critical to not potentially spread possibly not very clear or accurate > findings. > > > > Ani, your question is a legitimate one, ie, if some effects reported in > one small-sample size study would also hold with larger populations, or > across a number of studies. What I observe is that often we add an > analysis of sex/gender/race factor without a strong background hypothesis > for why we should do so, and it feels often this analysis is done just > because it has always been done. And then when we find an effect within a > small population and for a study that was not necessarily designed for > investigating sex differences, we conclude a bit fast that there is such > difference. In many listening/speech tests, linguistic skills, musical > background or aptitude, own or parents' education level (especially for c= hildren), or > other demographic factors may actually play a larger role, but somehow > instead of such potentially more relevant factors, gender/sex difference > analysis is conducted. I am worried this leads to misleading conclusions. > > > > Where a sex difference is reported, it is sometimes done based on great > many assumptions. One big assumption is that what one reports as gender = is > equivalent to one's sex too. For example, if there is a female-sex relate= d > hormone that may have an effect on a hearing-related mechanism, then one'= s > reported gender may or may not indicate the presence of such hormone. How > could we know that? Same goes with race effects. One may identify > themselves as African-American without having dark skin, while the > hearing-effects related to skin color have been shown for melatonin level= s. > Hence, without measuring melatonin or skin color per se, and just asking > participants their self-identified race, again, may lead to wrong > conclusions. > > > > Where there seems consistent differences between males and females in > literature seems in the hearing thresholds in older age groups, and often > these are large-sample studies and seem to hold across different > populations across studies. (By the way, it looks like this difference > seems to become smaller with younger generations.) An idea related to > this is female hormones potentially having protective effects for hearing= , > as mentioned above, but another idea is environmental factors, such as > males being more exposed to louder environments, especially in older > generations, such as working in factories with no or minimal hearing > protection. > > > > In short, these differences may or may not be there, but I would not say = these > are well-known. It is not a given. Instead, I would suggest that we > all be careful about what a study really measured and was the finding > valid; was it really designed to identify such differences,did it use > correct paradigms, did it choose appropriate populations, are conclusions= interpreted > correctly? Also in own studies, are we looking into such differences for > good reasons, based on prior work and evidence for it, or just because it > has always been done this way and it is easy to throw this factor into th= e > analysis? > > > > This would be my long answer to a seemingly short question. :) Hope it > helps. > > > > Best, > > Deniz > > > > -------------------------- > Prof. dr. ir. D. Ba=C5=9Fkent > > Speech Perception Lab (dB SPL) > > Department of Otorhinolaryngology > School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience (BCN) > > W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science > > University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) > University of Groningen (RUG) > > Tel: +31 (0) 50 3612665 (Ms. J. Breetveld) > > Visiting address: UMCG, Hanzeplein 1, Room P3.248 > > Website (also for dB SPL): dbaskent.org > > > ------------------------------ > > *Van:* AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception < > AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> namens Bernstein,Leslie <lbernstein@xxxxxxxx> > *Verzonden:* maandag 10 januari 2022 16:45 > *Aan:* AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx > *Onderwerp:* Re: Sex differences in auditory processing > > > > Google: sex differences McFadden > > On 1/9/2022 10:33 AM, Patel, Aniruddh D. wrote: > > *** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding, opening > attachments or clicking on links. *** > > Dear List, > > > > I am trying to find papers reporting sex differences in behavioral or > neural measures of auditory processing in vertebrates. > > I'd be grateful for pointers to any references, including review chapters= . > > > > Btw, my impression from the papers I've found so far is that females > generally outperform males (e.g., refs below), and I wonder if this holds > across a larger > > set of studies. > > > > Benichov, J. I., Benezra, S. E., Vallentin, D., Globerson, E., Long, M. > A., & Tchernichovski, O. (2016). The forebrain song system mediates > predictive call timing in female and male zebra finches. *Current Biology= * > , *26*(3), 309-318. > > > > Kriengwatana, B., Spierings, M. J., & ten Cate, C. (2016). Auditory > discrimination learning in zebra finches: effects of sex, early life > conditions and stimulus characteristics. *Animal Behaviour*, *116*, > 99-112. > > > > Krizman, J., Bonacina, S., & Kraus, N. (2020). Sex differences in > subcortical auditory processing only partially explain higher prevalence = of > language disorders in males. *Hearing research*, *398*, 108075. > > > > Thanks, and best wishes for the new year, > > > > Ani Patel > > > > Aniruddh D. Patel > > Professor, Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University > > > > CIFAR Fellow > > Brain, Mind, and Consciousness Program > > > > https://as.tufts.edu/psychology/people/faculty/aniruddh-patel > <https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Furld= efense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fas.tufts.edu%2Fpsychology%2Fpeople%2Ffacu= lty%2Faniruddh-patel__%3B!!N0rdg9Wr!-B1Qkijt2L4jWa6kLt8rz81rhupjTXHCULBFwkj= jsMo9nLI3X5q-k1M0E5xCaAKGZQ%24&data=3D04%7C01%7Cd.baskent%40UMCG.NL%7Cc6611= 7ef83b1430a4a2a08d9d4c09b08%7C335122f9d4f44d67a2fccd6dc20dde70%7C0%7C0%7C63= 7774745977859663%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMz= IiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=3D%2BVWVqAOSl7ev4xM3PIXTxlSVl= svQcndVQhxc%2BP2AjlY%3D&reserved=3D0> > > > > -- > *Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. | *Professor > Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of > Medicine > 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 > Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 > > ------------------------------ > > De inhoud van dit bericht is vertrouwelijk en alleen bestemd voor de > geadresseerde(n). Anderen dan de geadresseerde(n) mogen geen gebruik make= n > van dit bericht, het niet openbaar maken of op enige wijze verspreiden of > vermenigvuldigen. Het UMCG kan niet aansprakelijk gesteld worden voor een > incomplete aankomst of vertraging van dit verzonden bericht. > > The contents of this message are confidential and only intended for the > eyes of the addressee(s). Others than the addressee(s) are not allowed to > use this message, to make it public or to distribute or multiply this > message in any way. The UMCG cannot be held responsible for incomplete > reception or delay of this transferred message. > --000000000000c4794605d5692db3 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr">A few papers were recently published by Ronna Hertzano&#39= ;s=C2=A0labs, including 1) <a href=3D"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31= 255106/">Sex differences in hearing: Probing the role of estrogen signaling= </a>=C2=A0 (a review) 2)<a href=3D"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530= 094/"> The impact of biological sex on the response to noise and otoprotect= ive therapies against acoustic injury in mice</a> 3) <a href=3D"https://= pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34830090/">Estradiol Protects against Noise-Induced= Hearing Loss and Modulates Auditory Physiology in Female Mice</a> <div>= </div><div>Glad to answer questions you might have.</div><div> </div= ><div>17=CE=B2-estradiol (E2) is a known modulator of auditory physiology, = and I don't think there is evolutionary pressure to have hearing fluctu= ate over the hormonal cycle. I think hearing (and resilience to hear= ing loss) dimorphism might be at least in part a by-product of the availabl= e hormones and receptors across sexes and genders.=C2=A0<div><div><div dir= =3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_signature" data-smartmail=3D"gmail_signature"><div = dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div> </div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 Didier Didier A Depireux =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a h= ref=3D"mailto:depireux@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">depireux@xxxxxxxx</a><= br>CSO,=C2=A0 =C2=A0Otolithlabs=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0410-925-6546</div></div></div></div></div= ></div> </div></div></div> <div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr= " class=3D"gmail_attr">On Wed, Jan 12, 2022 at 6:33 AM Mikkel Wallentin &lt= ;<a href=3D"mailto:mikkel@xxxxxxxx">mikkel@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote: </div= ><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border= -left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> <div lang=3D"en-DK" style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word;"> <div class=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982WordSection1"> Adding to the critical remarks = about sex difference research, I think it is always important to ask the qu= estion =E2=80=9Cwhy=E2=80=9D. =C2=A0 Why would there be a general se= x difference in evolutionary pressure on auditory processing for vertebrate= s? I can almost think of reasons f= or song birds and other species where sound is part of mating, but nothing = that generalizes. =C2=A0 There is a ton of junk research= on sex differences, reporting non-replicable effects. Even when difference= s can be measured, these may, as has been mentioned, be side effects of oth= er sex differences, e.g. differences in body/head size or axon length (leadin= g to differences in timing). =C2=A0 This does not mean that we shou= ld not investigate sex/gender differences, but just that it is important to= remain critical. It is also important to differentiate between =E2=80=9Cdi= morphisms=E2=80=9D and subtle differences in distributions that may or may not have any real = life consequences. =C2=A0 I discuss the question of what constitutes a s= ex/gender difference in relation to language and the brain here in a paper = from 2020: <a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-= 64123-6.00007-2" target=3D"_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64123= -6.00007-2</a> For a general review on the neuroscience of = =E2=80=9Cdimorphisms=E2=80=9D in the human brain, I can also recommend this= paper by Eliot et al (2021): <a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev= .2021.02.026" title=3D"Persistent link using digital object identifier" tar= get=3D"_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026</a><u= > =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 --=C2=A0 Med venlig hilsen/Best regards= , =C2=A0 Mikkel Wallentin Professor, PhD Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science &= Semiotics Aarhus University Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2 8000 Aarhus C Denmark Mobile: +45-26716912 1 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <div style=3D"border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-= top:1pt solid rgb(181,196,223);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm"> From: AUDITORY - Research i= n Auditory Perception <<a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" targe= t=3D"_blank">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a>> on behalf of Baskent, D (kno)= <<a href=3D"mailto:00000187abab8d23-dmarc-request@xxxxxxxx" targ= et=3D"_blank">00000187abab8d23-dmarc-request@xxxxxxxx</a>> Date: Wednesday, 12 January 2022 at 06.56 To: <a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">AU= DITORY@xxxxxxxx</a> <<a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" = target=3D"_blank">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a>> Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Sex differences in auditory processing</u= > </div> <div id=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982divtagdefaultwrapper"> Dear=C2= =A0all</sp= an>, =C2=A0</s= pan> If you wi= ll look for McFadden papers, please also see a commentary we wrote about=C2= =A0one of = his related papers. The point of this commentary is that maybe sex/gender differences (or race= =C2=A0diff= erences=C2=A0also) are no= t as "well known"=C2=A0as we assume,=C2=A0and ther= e could be a number of confounds in such studies: <a href= =3D"https://psyarxiv.com/ghfpv/" target=3D"_blank">https://psyarxiv.com/ghfpv/</a> =C2=A0</s= pan> When choosing references for such differences, I think it pays to be = a bit critical to not potentially spread possibly not very clear or accurat= e findings.</= u> =C2=A0<= /u> Ani, your= question is a legitimate one, ie, if some effects reported in=C2=A0= one=C2=A0<= span style=3D"font-size:10pt;color:black">small-sample size stud= y=C2=A0would=C2=A0also ho= ld with larger populations, or across a number of studies.=C2=A0What I observe=C2=A0is that= =C2=A0ofte= n=C2=A0we=C2=A0<sp= an lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10pt;color:black">add an analysis of=C2=A0sex/= gender/rac= e=C2=A0factor=C2=A0withou= t a strong background hypothesis for why we should=C2=A0do so, and=C2=A0it feels of= ten this=C2=A0analysis=C2=A0is done= just because=C2=A0it has=C2=A0always=C2=A0been done. And then when we find an effect within a small population and for a = study that was not necessarily designed for investigating sex differences, = we conclude=C2=A0a bit=C2=A0fast that there is such difference. In many listening/speech=C2=A0tests, linguistic skills, musical=C2=A0<s= pan lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10pt;color:black">background<s= pan style=3D"font-size:10pt;color:black">=C2=A0or aptitude,=C2=A0own or parents'=C2=A0education level (especially fo</sp= an>r=C2=A0children),=C2=A0or other demogra= phic factors may actually play a larger role, but somehow instead of=C2=A0such potentially more relevant factors,=C2=A0gender/sex difference analysis is conducted. I a= m worried this leads to misleading conclusions. =C2=A0</s= pan> Where a sex differe= nce is reported, it is sometimes done based=C2=A0on=C2=A0great many assumpt= ions.=C2=A0 One big assumption is that what one reports as gender is equivalent to one's sex too. For example, if there is a f= emale-sex related hormone that may have an effect on a hearing-related mech= anism, then one's reported gender may or may not indicate the presence = of such hormone. How could we know that? Same goes with race effects. One may identify themselves as African-Americ= an without having dark skin, while the hearing-effects related to skin colo= r have been shown for melatonin=C2=A0levels. Hence, without measuring melatonin or skin color per se, and just asking p= articipants their self-identified race, again,=C2=A0may=C2=A0lead to wrong conclusions. =C2=A0</s= pan> Where=C2= =A0there s= eems=C2=A0consistent diff= erences between males and females=C2=A0in literature=C2=A0seems in= =C2=A0the hearing thresholds in older age=C2=A0groups, and often these are large-sample studies= =C2=A0and seem to hold across different populations across studies. (By the= way, it=C2=A0looks like = this difference seems to become smaller with younger generations.)=C2=A0An idea related= to this is female hormones potentially having protective effects<sp= an lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10pt;color:black">=C2=A0for hearing, as mentioned ab= ove, but another idea is environmental factors, such as males being=C2=A0</= span>more=C2=A0</= span>exposed to louder environments, especially in older generations, such as working i= n factories with no or minimal hearing protection. =C2=A0</s= pan> In short,= these=C2=A0differences=C2=A0may or may not be there, but I would not=C2=A0= say= =C2=A0these are well-known.=C2=A0It is not a given.=C2=A0Instead, I would suggest that we all=C2=A0be careful about what a st= udy really measured=C2=A0and was the finding valid;=C2=A0was it really designed to identify such differences,did it=C2=A0use correct para= digms, did= it choose appropriate populations,=C2=A0are=C2=A0conclusions=C2=A0interpreted correctly?=C2=A0Also in = own studies, are we looking into such differences for good reasons, based o= n prior work and evidence for it, or just because it has always been done t= his way and it is easy to throw this factor into the analysis?=C2=A0</s= pan> =C2=A0</s= pan> This woul= d be my long answer to a seemingly short question. :) Hope it helps.= =C2=A0</s= pan> Best,</sp= an> Deniz</sp= an> <div id=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982Signature"> <div id=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982divtagdefaultwrapper"> <div> <div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> <div> ---------= ----------------- Prof. dr. ir.=C2=A0D. Ba= =C5=9Fkent </div> <div> Speech Pe= rception Lab (dB SPL) <div> D= epartment of Otorhinolaryngology School of Behavio= ral and Cognitive Neuroscience (BCN) </div> <div> W.J. Kolf= f Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science= </div> <div> U= niversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) University of Gro= ningen (RUG) </div> Tel: +31 = (0) 50 3612665 (Ms. J. Breetveld) </div> <div> <div> Visiting = address: UMCG, Hanzeplein 1, Room P3.248 </div> <div> Website (= also for dB SPL): <a href=3D"http://dbaskent.org" target=3D"_blank">dbaskent.org</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> =C2=A0 <div> <div class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center"><span= style=3D"font-size:10pt;color:black"> <hr size=3D"0" width=3D"100%" align=3D"center"> </div> <div id=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982divRplyFwdMsg"> Van: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception <<a hr= ef=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx= ILL.CA</a>> namens Bernstein,Leslie <<a href=3D"mailto:lbernstein@xxxxxxxx= C.EDU" target=3D"_blank">lbernstein@xxxxxxxx</a>> Verzonden: maandag 10 januari 2022 16:45 Aan: <a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">A= UDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a> Onderwerp: Re: Sex differences in auditory processing <div> =C2=A0= </div> </div> <div> <div> Google: sex differences McFadden On 1/9/2022 10:33 AM, Patel, Aniruddh D. wrote: </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"> <div> *** Attention: This is an external= email. Use caution responding, opening attachments or clicking on links. *= ** </div> <div> <div> Dear List,= </div> <div> = =C2=A0 </div> <div> I am trying to find papers reporting sex differences in behavioral = or neural measures of auditory processing in vertebrates. <div> I'd be grateful for pointers to any references, inclu= ding review chapters. </div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> <div> Btw, my impression from the papers I've found so far = is that females generally outperform males (e.g., refs below), and I wonder= if this holds across a larger=C2=A0 </div> <div> set of studies. </div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> <div> Ben= ichov, J. I., Benezra, S. E., Vallentin, D., Globerson, E., Long, M. A., &a= mp; Tchernichovski, O. (2016). The forebrain song system mediates predictive call timing in female and male zebra finch= es.=C2=A0Current Biology,=C2=A026(3), 309-318. </div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> <div> Kri= engwatana, B., Spierings, M. J., & ten Cate, C. (2016). Auditory discri= mination learning in zebra finches: effects of sex, early life conditions and stimulus characteristics.=C2=A0Animal= Behaviour,=C2=A0116, 99-112. </div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> <div> Kri= zman, J., Bonacina, S., & Kraus, N. (2020). Sex differences in subcorti= cal auditory processing only partially explain higher prevalence of language disorders in males.=C2=A0Hearing research= ,=C2=A0398, 108075. </div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> <div> Thanks, and best wishes for the new year,</= span> </div> <div> =C2=A0 </div> Ani Patel<= u> </div> <div> <div> = =C2=A0 </div> <div id=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982Signature"> <div> <div> Aniruddh = D. Patel </div> <div> Professor= , Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University </div> <div> = =C2=A0 </div> <div> CIFAR Fel= low=C2=A0 </div> <div> Brain, Mi= nd, and Consciousness Program </div> <div> = =C2=A0 </div> <div> <a href= =3D"https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Furl= defense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fas.tufts.edu%2Fpsychology%2Fpeople%2Ffac= ulty%2Faniruddh-patel__%3B!!N0rdg9Wr!-B1Qkijt2L4jWa6kLt8rz81rhupjTXHCULBFwk= jjsMo9nLI3X5q-k1M0E5xCaAKGZQ%24&data=3D04%7C01%7Cd.baskent%40UMCG.NL%7C= c66117ef83b1430a4a2a08d9d4c09b08%7C335122f9d4f44d67a2fccd6dc20dde70%7C0%7C0= %7C637774745977859663%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV= 2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=3D%2BVWVqAOSl7ev4xM3= PIXTxlSVlsvQcndVQhxc%2BP2AjlY%3D&reserved=3D0" target=3D"_blank">https:= //as.tufts.edu/psychology/people/faculty/aniruddh-patel</a></= span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> =C2=A0 <div> -- Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. | Professor Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Medic= ine 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 <img border=3D"0" width=3D"125" height=3D"48" style=3D"width: 1.302in; heig= ht: 0.5in;" id=3D"gmail-m_-2927792875700676982_x0000_i1026" src=3D"cid:17e5= 02337b44cff311"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center"> <hr size=3D"0" width=3D"100%" align=3D"center"> </div> De inhoud van dit bericht is vertrouwelijk en alleen= bestemd voor de geadresseerde(n). Anderen dan de geadresseerde(n) mogen ge= en gebruik maken van dit bericht, het niet openbaar maken of op enige wijze= verspreiden of vermenigvuldigen. Het UMCG kan niet aansprakelijk gesteld worden voor een incomplete aankoms= t of vertraging van dit verzonden bericht. The contents of this message are confidential and only intended for the eye= s of the addressee(s). 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