Subject: [AUDITORY] Updated: Sex differences in auditory processing: summary From: "Patel, Aniruddh D." <a.patel@xxxxxxxx> Date: Thu, 31 Mar 2022 01:21:44 +0000--_000_SN6PR05MB523145DC9422381F846CF761E3E19SN6PR05MB5231namp_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Dear List, In collating responses to my query on sex differences in auditory processin= g I inadvertently omitted a Jan 12, 2022 response by Deniz Baskent, who off= ered cautionary advice about research on this topic. That response is now = included at the bottom of the replies below. Above the Baskent response is= one more reply that came in after I sent out the summary, from Eino Partan= en. Regards, Ani Patel ________________________________ Sex differences in auditory processing =96 updated collection of responses = (March 30, 2022) Dear List, Many thanks for the numerous replies to my query regarding sex differences = in auditory processing. They are collated below. Ani Patel Aniruddh D. Patel Professor, Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University https://as.tufts.edu/psychology/people/faculty/aniruddh-patel ----------- Sex differences in auditory processing Original query sent Jan 9, 2022: Dear List, I am trying to find papers reporting sex differences in behavioral or neura= l measures of auditory processing in vertebrates. I'd be grateful for poin= ters to any references, including review chapters. Btw, my impression from the papers I've found so far is that females genera= lly outperform males (e.g., refs below), and I wonder if this holds across = a larger set of studies. Benichov, J. I., Benezra, S. E., Vallentin, D., Globerson, E., Long, M. A.,= & Tchernichovski, O. (2016). The forebrain song system mediates predictive= call timing in female and male zebra finches. Current Biology, 26(3), 309-= 318. Kriengwatana, B., Spierings, M. J., & ten Cate, C. (2016). Auditory discrim= ination learning in zebra finches: effects of sex, early life conditions an= d stimulus characteristics. Animal Behaviour, 116, 99-112. Krizman, J., Bonacina, S., & Kraus, N. (2020). Sex differences in subcorti= cal auditory processing only partially explain higher prevalence of languag= e disorders in males. Hearing research, 398, 108075. Thanks, and best wishes for the new year, Ani Patel ----------------- Responses: From Erick Gallun: I found Karen Helfer's paper on estrogen-related differences in competing s= peech understanding to be a very interesting study. It would be nice to see= someone follow up on this. Helfer, K. S. (2004). Cross-sectional study of differences in speech unders= tanding between users and nonusers of estrogen replacement therapy. Experim= ental Aging Research, 30(2), 195-204. ------------------ From Tim Ziemer: Arne von Ruschkowski gives an overview of gender differences in loudness pe= rception (in German though): https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/= 5262 and argues that the length of the ear canal and the air volume between eard= rum and headphone could not be the reasons for the different judgments of m= ale and female participants. One observation that has been made is that already female newborns exhibit = stronger otoacoustic emissions than male newborns: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085661/ Otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked potentials are sexually dimporphi= c: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163528/ Sex differences in male and female mosquito hearing are huge, and their hea= ring organs differ a lot. ------------- From Anna Wolf: We found sex differences in both ear training and musical imagery skills in= music students/musicians, see: Wolf, A., & Kopiez, R. (2018). Development and Validation of the Musical Ea= r Training Assessment (META). Journal of Research in Music Education, 66, 5= 3-70. Wolf, A., Kopiez, R., & Platz, F. (2018). Thinking in music: An objective m= easure of notation-evoked sound imagery in musicians. Psychomusicology: Mus= ic, Mind, and Brain, 28(4), 209-221. For both skills men outperformed women, which replicated in every sample we= collected for these papers. My best guess is a difference in motivation in= female and male students with music theory and ear training being the most= logical and structural type of skill within a music programme (the MINT wi= thin music, maybe). Plus probably stereotype threat, since in Germany most = music theory staff are male. ---------- From Arturo Moleti There are well-known sex differences in otoacoustic emission levels, e.g. M= cFadden papers, with females outperforming males. You can easily find sever= al references searching for "sex difference OAE", e.g., on Pubmed. ------------ From Leslie Bernstein Google: sex differences McFadden ----------------- From Martin Braun McFadden & Co not only established that females outperform males in SOAE incidence and levels (by a strikingly huge difference) but also by hearing threshold in quiet. Interestingly, to my knowledge neither McFadden nor anybody else could as yet present a convincing theory for the reasons of these differences. There have been data that outer hair cell (OHC) physiology is affected by sex hormones, but apparently SOAE researchers and OHC researchers have been living too much apart and neither of them has followed this up. PS: I assume that females are also better in central auditory processing of speech, but I am not aware of any data in that realm. -------------- From Sam Mehr We cited a few papers on this topic in our BBS target article https://pubme= d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32843107. The general pattern, for higher-level auditory= tasks, seemed to be minimal-to-zero effects of gender. Informally, in the many hundreds of thousands of participants who do music = perception tasks on our platform internationally, we have found comparably = underwhelming sex differences, e.g. on pitch perception, beat alignment, mi= stuning, etc, but not much of these data are published (yet!) --------------- From Matthew Joseph Goupell We did a posthoc analysis of a dataset that may be relevant. Xie, Z., Shader, M. J., Gordon-Salant, S., Anderson, S. and Goupell, M. J. = (2020) =93Letter to the Editor: Possible sex effects on the processing of t= emporal cues in word segments in adult cochlear-implant users,=94 Trends He= ar. 24, 1-2. -------------------- From Alex Francis I think it=92s more complicated than just =93females vs. males=94 - you=92r= e going to have to deal with differences In the role that acoustic signals = play for different organisms in different contexts/ecologies. And seasons. = My colleague Jeff Lucas has done some work on hormonal and seasonal variati= on in hearing in birds across different species that occupy different niche= s: https://lucaslabpurdue.weebly.com/ --------------------- From Massimo Grassi A few years ago I found this: Grassi, M. (2010). Sex difference in subjective duration of looming and receding sounds. Perception, 39(10), 1424-1426. Looming sounds (ie sounds that increase in level over time) are perceived as longer than receding sounds (a looming sound reversed in time). But this perceptually asymmetry seemed larger in females than males. However, I now think that result was likely a false positive (or just strictly related to the method of that particular experiment at best) because in successive (and previous) experiments the sex difference never emerged again. In general, I would be cautious about the results reported in literature. Studies that observe sex differences are often small in number of participants and results tend to be weak. ------------------------ From Manon Grube: See this paper: Sutherland, M. E., Zatorre, R. J., Watkins, K. E., Herv=E9,= P. Y., Leonard, G., Pike, B. G., ... & Paus, T. (2012). Anatomical correla= tes of dynamic auditory processing: relationship to literacy during early a= dolescence. Neuroimage, 60(2), 1287-1295. -------------------------- From Sarah Yoho: See this paper: Yoho, S. E., Borrie, S. A., Barrett, T. S., & Whittaker, D.= B. (2019). Are there sex effects for speech intelligibility in American En= glish? Examining the influence of talker, listener, and methodology. Attent= ion, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(2), 558-570. ------------------------ From Jen Krizman: In addition to our work in humans, which you listed, we also have a recentl= y published paper, in collaboration with Kasia Bieszczad and Elena Rotondo = from Rutgers, that replicates and extends our human sex differences in rode= nts. Krizman J, Rotondo EK, Nicol T, Kraus N, Bieszczad K (2021) Sex differences= in auditory processing vary across estrous cycle. Scientific Reports. 11: = 22898 --------------------- From Ulf Kalla When it comes to sex differences I have one article to refer you to. That s= tudy is based on quite big number of newborn participants=92 ears, with ove= r 12,000 per side for males and over 12,000 per side for females, hence the= significant differences for sex should be quite robust. Berninger, Erik (2007), Characteristics of normal newborn transient-evoked = otoacoustic emissions: Ear asymmetries and sex effects, International Journ= al of Audiology, 46:11, 661 =97 669 As stated in the thread the question why is always interesting. One explan= ation I got is connected to hormones, where the increased level of testoste= rone is maybe responsible for this sex difference. Maybe also that is an ex= planation to why males tend to get earlier and harder onset when it comes t= o age related hearing loss? The last part is my own guess and not yet ancho= red in any evidence. ---------------------- End of replies. --_000_SN6PR05MB523145DC9422381F846CF761E3E19SN6PR05MB5231namp_ Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <html> <head> <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3DWindows-1= 252"> <style type=3D"text/css" style=3D"display:none;"> P {margin-top:0;margin-bo= ttom:0;} </style> </head> <body dir=3D"ltr"> <div style=3D"font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size= : 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Dear List,</div> <div style=3D"font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size= : 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <br> <span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">In collating responses to my query on sex = differences in auditory processing I inadvertently omitted a Jan 12, 2022 r= esponse by Deniz Baskent, who offered cautionary advice about research on t= his topic. That response is now included at the bottom of the replies below. Above the Baskent response is on= e more reply that came in after I sent out the summary, from </span><s= pan style=3D"font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, sa= ns-serif;">Eino Partanen.</span></div> <div style=3D"font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size= : 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri&= quot;,sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:C= alibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;= mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-= bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:A= R-SA"><br> </span></div> <div style=3D"font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size= : 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style=3D"font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, = sans-serif;">Regards,</span></div> <div style=3D"font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size= : 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style=3D"font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, = sans-serif;">Ani Patel</span></div> <div style=3D"font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size= : 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <br> </div> <div id=3D"appendonsend"></div> <hr tabindex=3D"-1" style=3D"display:inline-block; width:98%"> <div id=3D"divRplyFwdMsg" dir=3D"ltr"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-si= ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"> <b>Sex differences in auditory processing =96 updated collection of respons= es (March 30, 2022)<o:p> </o:p></b></p> <div> </div> </div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> Dear List,</div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <br> Many thanks for the numerous replies to my query regarding sex differences = in auditory processing.<br> They are collated below.</div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <br> </div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> Ani Patel</div> <div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <br> </div> <div id=3D"x_Signature"> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </div> <div></div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> Aniruddh D. Patel</div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> Professor, Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University</div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <br> </div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <a href=3D"https://as.tufts.edu/psychology/people/faculty/aniruddh-patel" d= ata-auth=3D"NotApplicable">https://as.tufts.edu/psychology/people/faculty/a= niruddh-patel</a><br> </div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <br> </div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> -----------</div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <br> </div> <div style=3D"font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12p= t; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> <b>Sex differences in auditory processing </b></p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Original query sent Jan 9, 2022: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Dear List,<br> <br> I am trying to find papers reporting sex differences in behavioral or neura= l measures <span style=3D""> </span>of auditory processing in vertebrat= es. I'd be grateful for pointers to any references, including review chapte= rs.<br> <br> Btw, my impression from the papers I've found so far is that females genera= lly outperform males (e.g., refs below), and I wonder if this holds across = a larger<br> set of studies.<br> <br> Benichov, J. I., Benezra, S. E., Vallentin, D., Globerson, E., Long, M. A.,= & Tchernichovski, O. (2016). The forebrain song system mediates predic= tive call timing in female and male zebra finches. Current Biology,&nb= sp;26(3), 309-318.<br> <br> Kriengwatana, B., Spierings, M. J., & ten Cate, C. (2016). Auditor= y discrimination learning in zebra finches: effects of sex, early life= conditions and stimulus characteristics. Animal Behaviour, 116, = 99-112.<br> <br> Krizman, J., Bonacina, S., & Kraus, N. (2020). Sex differences in <span= style=3D""> </span>subcortical auditory processing only partially expla= in higher prevalence of language disorders in males. Hearing research,= 398, 108075.<br> <br> Thanks, and best wishes for the new year,<br> <br> Ani Patel<br style=3D""> <br style=3D""> </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> ----------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Responses: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Erick Gallun: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> I found Karen Helfer's paper on estrogen-related differences in competing s= peech understanding to be a very interesting study. It would be nice to see= someone follow up on this. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Helfer, K. S. (2004). Cross-sectional study of differences in speech unders= tanding between users and nonusers of estrogen replacement therapy. Ex= perimental Aging Research, 30(2), 195-204. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> ------------------ </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Tim Ziemer: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Arne von Ruschkowski gives an overview of gender differences in loudness pe= rception (in German though): <a href=3D"https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/5262" data-auth=3D= "NotApplicable"> https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/5262</a> </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> <span style=3D"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt; color:rgb(0,= 0,0)">and argues that the length of the ear canal and the air volume betwee= n eardrum and headphone could not be the reasons for the different judgment= s of male and female participants.</span> <br> </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> One observation that has been made is that already female newborns exhibit = stronger otoacoustic emissions than male newborns: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> <a href=3D"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085661/" data-auth= =3D"NotApplicable">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085661/</a= > </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked potentials are sexually= dimporphic: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> <a href=3D"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163528/" data-auth= =3D"NotApplicable">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163528/</a= > </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Sex differences in male and female mosquito hearing are huge, and their hea= ring organs differ a lot. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> -------------</p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Anna Wolf: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> We found sex differences in both ear training and musical imagery skills in= music students/musicians, see: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Wolf, A., & Kopiez, R. (2018). Development and Validation of the Musica= l Ear Training Assessment (META). Journal of Research in Music Ed= ucation, 66, 53-70. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Wolf, A., Kopiez, R., & Platz, F. (2018). Thinking in music: An objecti= ve measure of notation-evoked sound imagery in musicians. Psychom= usicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 28(4), 209-221. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> For both skills men outperformed women, which replicated in every sample we= collected for these papers. My best guess is a difference in motivation in= female and male students with music theory and ear training being the most= logical and structural type of skill within a music programme (the MINT within music, maybe). Plus probab= ly stereotype threat, since in Germany most music theory staff are male.&nb= sp; </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> ---------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Arturo Moleti </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> There are well-known sex differences in otoacoustic emission levels, e.g. M= cFadden papers, with females outperforming males. You can easily find sever= al references searching for "sex difference OAE", e.g., on Pubmed= .<br> ------------ </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Leslie Bernstein </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Google: sex differences McFadden </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> ----------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Martin Braun </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> McFadden & Co not only established that females outperform males in SOA= E<br> incidence and levels (by a strikingly huge difference) but also by hearing<= br> threshold in quiet. Interestingly, to my knowledge neither McFadden nor<br> anybody else could as yet present a convincing theory for the reasons of<br= > these differences. There have been data that outer hair cell (OHC)<br> physiology is affected by sex hormones, but apparently SOAE researchers and= <br> OHC researchers have been living too much apart and neither of them has<br> followed this up.<br> <br> PS: I assume that females are also better in central auditory pro= cessing of<br> speech, but I am not aware of any data in that realm. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> -------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Sam Mehr </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> We cited a few papers on this topic in our BBS target article <a href= =3D"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32843107" data-auth=3D"NotApplicable">h= ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32843107</a>. The general pattern, for highe= r-level auditory tasks, seemed to be minimal-to-zero effects of gender. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Informally, in the many hundreds of thousands of participants who do music = perception tasks on our platform internationally, we have found comparably = underwhelming sex differences, e.g. on pitch perception, beat alignment, mi= stuning, etc, but not much of these data are published (yet!) </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> --------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Matthew Joseph Goupell </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> We did a posthoc analysis of a dataset that may be relevant. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Xie, Z., Shader, M. J., Gordon-Salant, S., Anderson, S. and Goupell, M. J.&= nbsp;(2020) =93Letter to the Editor: Possible sex effects on the processing= of temporal cues in word segments in adult cochlear-implant users,=94 = ;Trends Hear. 24, 1-2. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> -------------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Alex Francis </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> I think it=92s more complicated than just =93females vs. males=94 - you=92r= e going to have to deal with differences In the role that acoustic signals = play for different organisms in different contexts/ecologies. And seasons. = My colleague Jeff Lucas has done some work on hormonal and seasonal variation in hearing in birds across different sp= ecies that occupy different niches: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> <a href=3D"https://lucaslabpurdue.weebly.com/" data-auth=3D"NotApplicable">= https://lucaslabpurdue.weebly.com/</a> </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> --------------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Massimo Grassi </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> A few years ago I found this:<br> <br> Grassi, M. (2010). Sex difference in subjective duration of looming and<br> receding sounds. Perception, 39(10), 1424-1426.<br> <br> Looming sounds (ie sounds that increase in level over time) are<br> perceived as longer than receding sounds (a looming sound reversed in<br> time). But this perceptually asymmetry seemed larger in females than<br> males. However, I now think that result was likely a false positive (or<br> just strictly related to the method of that particular experiment at<br> best) because in successive (and previous) experiments the sex<br> difference never emerged again.<br> <br> In general, I would be cautious about the results reported in<br> literature. Studies that observe sex differences are often small in<br> number of participants and results tend to be weak.<br> <br> ------------------------ </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Manon Grube: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> See this paper: Sutherland, M. E., Zatorre, R. J., Watkins, K. E., Herv=E9,= P. Y., Leonard, G., Pike, B. G., ... & Paus, T. (2012). Anatomical cor= relates of dynamic auditory processing: relationship to literacy during ear= ly adolescence. Neuroimage, 60(2), 1287-1295. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> -------------------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Sarah Yoho: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> See this paper: Yoho, S. E., Borrie, S. A., Barrett, T. S., & Whittaker= , D. B. (2019). Are there sex effects for speech intelligibility in America= n English? Examining the influence of talker, listener, and methodology.&nb= sp;Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(2), 558-570. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> ------------------------ </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Jen Krizman: </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> In addition to our work in humans, which you listed, we also have a re= cently published paper, in collaboration with Kasia Bieszczad and Elen= a Rotondo from Rutgers, that replicates and extends our human sex diff= erences in rodents. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Krizman J, Rotondo EK, Nicol T, Kraus N, Bieszczad K (2021) Sex differ= ences in auditory processing vary across estrous cycle. Scientific Rep= orts. 11: 22898 </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> --------------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> From Ulf Kalla </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> When it comes to sex differences I have one article to refer you = to. That study is based on quite big number of newborn participants=92 ears= , with over 12,000 per side for males and over 12,000 per side for females,= hence the significant differences for sex should be quite robust. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> Berninger, Erik (2007), Characteristics of normal newborn transient-ev= oked otoacoustic emissions: Ear asymmetries and sex effects, International = Journal of Audiology, 46:11, 661 =97 669 </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> As stated in the thread the question why is always interesting. One e= xplanation I got is connected to hormones, where the increased level of tes= tosterone is maybe responsible for this sex difference. Maybe also that is = an explanation to why males tend to get earlier and harder onset when it comes to age related hearing loss? The la= st part is my own guess and not yet anchored in any evidence. </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> ---------------------- </p> <p class=3D"x_MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margi= n:0in 0in 8pt; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-s= erif"> End of replies. </p> <br> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> --_000_SN6PR05MB523145DC9422381F846CF761E3E19SN6PR05MB5231namp_--