Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Tweeters for noise trauma From: Neil Waterman <neil.waterman@xxxxxxxx> Date: Sun, 14 Feb 2021 01:55:54 -0500--Apple-Mail-4B0BFF7E-D134-4F05-9D2F-6FA02458BB55 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I=E2=80=99ll be honest that I haven=E2=80=99t read the full thread, but I=E2= =80=99d you are truly interested in ultra-high frequencies there are a surpr= ising number of =E2=80=98super tweeters=E2=80=99 that have greatly extended (= and many with surprisingly flat) frequency response, that can reach 100kHz i= n several cases.=20 Just one example: https://www.madisoundspeakerstore.com/super-tweeters/lcy-1= 00k-mk2-top-mount-supertweeter-each/ Regards, Neil Waterman Sent from my iPhone > On Feb 14, 2021, at 00:10, Boris Gour=C3=A9vitch <boris@xxxxxxxx> wrote: >=20 > =EF=BB=BF > Thank you everyone for your replies. A short summary of some replies to th= e list or those I received in private messages as well: >=20 > - distance really matters. =46rom the data at 1m away, you can easily add 6= dB when halving the distance and therefore 18dB at 12cm of the ear. I must a= dmit I completely forgot this point when I asked my question. >=20 > - a 3D cone or an insert will amplidy again the signal energy to reach tra= umatizing levels but in that case it is mostly valid for one animal or even o= ne ear. >=20 > - common tweeters could do the job thanks to these distance/cone tricks. T= heir quality/frequency range does not always allow reaching very high freque= ncies >=20 > - sensitivity at 1m is crucial here and depends on the quality of the manu= facturer. If we start from 86 dB at 1m, it is not the same than starting fro= m 96 dB to use the distance/cone tricks >=20 > - compression drivers could be a solution. They are not expensive and reac= h much higher SPLs. See here the sensitivity for instance http://www.bmsspea= kers.com/index.php?id=3Dcompression_drivers >=20 > - going upper than 20kHz (because of mice) might be a problem for common t= weeters and even compression drivers. 30kHz could be possible (see smallest B= MS drivers) but I've seen no solution for 40kHz for instance. This is not co= mmon for traumas though but this is to remember when using white noise for i= nstance. >=20 > - speakers specs have to be checked when calibrating the speaker you bough= t, you can't only trust the manufacturer and there is a variability from one= speaker to another as well (I observed that with the TDT EC1 speakers by th= e way even if they're very good) >=20 > many thanks again, have a good week-end > Boris >=20 >=20 > Le 12/02/2021 =C3=A0 16:25, Bernstein,Leslie a =C3=A9crit : >> I'm copying here a response that Dr. Doug Oliver sent to Boris and I'm at= taching the documentation: >>=20 >> We have had great success with Eminence tweeters when they are modified t= o prevent overheating. A protocol is attached. We are using 116 dB at 11 cm f= rom the front of the horn on awake mice. After modification, our speakers ha= ve lasted over a year. At least 40 hours of use, one hour at a time. Best of= luck. >>=20 >> Les Bernstein >>=20 >> On 2/12/2021 12:10 AM, Bob Masta wrote: >>> *** Attention: This is an external email. Use caution responding, openin= g attachments or clicking on links. *** >>>=20 >>> Speaker specs are always given at 1 meter distance. Animals being expos= ed are >>> usually much closer. >>>=20 >>> Note that this can cause its own problems if you are trying to expose mu= ltiple >>> animals using multiple close-by speakers, which will create interference= >>> patterns. With noise stimuli, I have been able to reduce that problem s= omewhat >>> by using two unrelated noise sources to drive alternate tweeters in the a= rray. >>>=20 >>> Another issue is that the animal will move around in its cage, and may t= hus >>> move out of the main beam of a close-by speaker if it has space to do so= . >>>=20 >>> Since you mentioned mice, I expect you will be working above 20 kHz. Tw= eeter >>> frequency responses tend to be very ragged in this region, probably sinc= e they >>> are made for humans(!). Be sure to get curves for the models you are >>> interested in. >>>=20 >>> Also note that simple speaker power-handling specs can be misleading in a= major >>> way, if they assume that the speaker is used to reproduce music, and the= y state >>> the power applied to a full-range system that uses that tweeter. Assumi= ng a >>> pink-noise power distribution that falls at 3 dB/oct, with the woofer us= ing the >>> most power, the tweeter gets very little. >>>=20 >>> You may have to contact the maker directly for relevant data. High-powe= r >>> tweeters tend to be expensive ($40 US seems to be typical at >>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.parts-express.com__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g= 1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259kayIA9Cw$ these day= s). The last time I set up a system to do this >>> was 2007. I ordered one each of 2 prospective models and ran my own test= s. I >>> think they are out of production now. The Pyramid TW47 was the one I ch= ose. >>> It hit 121 dB SPL at 9 inches driven by 4 Vrms in 1/3rd octave around 10= kHz, >>> or 118 dB with a full octave at 16 kHz. >>>=20 >>> Hope this helps! >>>=20 >>> Bob Masta >>>=20 >>>=20 >>> ------------------------- >>> On 11 Feb 2021 at 11:12, Boris Gour=C3=A9vitch wrote: >>>=20 >>>> Dear auditory list, >>>>=20 >>>> I was looking for a speaker (probably a tweeter) that would reach 120 t= o >>>> maybe 130 dB SPL in a high frequency range (for mice). >>>>=20 >>>> I am a bit puzzled with the many papers inducing noise trauma (i.e. >>>> Warren, Fenton et al, J Neuroscience 2020; Amanipour et al, 2018; Chen,= >>>> Sheppar and Salvi 2016; Novak, Zelenka et al, 2016) which actually used= >>>> pretty common tweeters to do that. Technical specifications for these >>>> tweeters do not really indicate that they could handle such high SPL >>>> (and therefore such high voltage). How did they determine that ? How ca= n >>>> we know then ? Only by sensitivity measure adjusted for the watt power >>>> of the speaker ? >>>>=20 >>>> Let's take an example: in the Warren et al above cited, the Visaton >>>> speaker from RadioSpare is used to deliver 3kHz at 126 dB SPL. The >>>> technical specifications >>>> (https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://docs.rs-online.com/170c/0900766b80= 2e5b23.pdf__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0a= bG2259mXNym04A$ ) indicate 30W max >>>> and a sensitivity of 86 dB. Thus, it seems that this speaker could not >>>> deliver above 101 dB SPL. How did the authors do to avoid damaging thei= r >>>> speaker ? >>>>=20 >>>> Same question with other speakers as well. I'm not an >>>> acoustician/electronician and I am probably missing something here. >>>>=20 >>>> Many thanks for your help. Also, many of the tweeters from the papers >>>> above are discontinued so if you know a pretty robust one that you are >>>> safely using at high SPLs, please do not hesitate to tell me. >>>>=20 >>>> Best regards >>>>=20 >>>> Boris >>>>=20 >>>> -- >>>> Dr Boris Gour=C3=A9vitch >>>> CNRS Researcher >>>>=20 >>>> Institut de l'Audition >>>> UMR1120 Inserm, Institut Pasteur >>>> 63 rue de Charenton >>>> 75012 Paris, France >>>>=20 >>>> Tel: (+33) 1 76 53 50 41 >>>>=20 >>>> Personal Web page: https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.pi314.net/__;= !!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259nZ4-XLP= A$ >>>>=20 >>>>=20 >>>> -- >>>> L'absence de virus dans ce courrier =C3=A9lectronique a =C3=A9t=C3=A9 v= =C3=A9rifi=C3=A9e par le >>>> logiciel antivirus Avast. https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.avast= .com/antivirus__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z= 5_0abG2259kfhXW54Q$ >>=20 >>=20 >> --=20 >> Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. | Professor >> Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Med= icine=20 >> 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401 >> Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495 >>=20 >> <uconnhealth_stacked_blue_email.png> >>=20 >=20 --Apple-Mail-4B0BFF7E-D134-4F05-9D2F-6FA02458BB55 Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"content-type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3D= utf-8"></head><body dir=3D"auto">I=E2=80=99ll be honest that I haven=E2=80=99= t read the full thread, but I=E2=80=99d you are truly interested in ultra-hi= gh frequencies there are a surprising number of =E2=80=98super tweeters=E2=80= =99 that have greatly extended (and many with surprisingly flat) frequency r= esponse, that can reach 100kHz in several cases. <div><br></div><div>Ju= st one example: <a href=3D"https://www.madisoundspeakerstore.com/super-= tweeters/lcy-100k-mk2-top-mount-supertweeter-each/">https://www.madisoundspe= akerstore.com/super-tweeters/lcy-100k-mk2-top-mount-supertweeter-each/</a><b= r><br><div dir=3D"ltr">Regards, Neil Waterman</div><div id=3D"AppleMailSigna= ture" dir=3D"ltr"><br></div><div dir=3D"ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div><div d= ir=3D"ltr"><br><blockquote type=3D"cite">On Feb 14, 2021, at 00:10, Boris Go= ur=C3=A9vitch <boris@xxxxxxxx> wrote:<br><br></blockquote></div><bloc= kquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr">=EF=BB=BF =20 <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1252"> =20 =20 <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">Thank you everyone for your replies. A short summary of some replies to the list or those I received in private messages as well:</div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- distance really matters. =46rom the data at 1m away, you can easily add 6dB when halving the distance and therefore 18dB at 12cm of the ear. I must admit I completely forgot this point when I asked my question.<br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- a 3D cone or an insert will amplidy again the signal energy to reach traumatizing levels but in that case it is mostly valid for one animal or even one ear.<br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- common tweeters could do the job thanks to these distance/cone tricks. Their quality/frequency range does not always allow reaching very high frequencies</div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- sensitivity at 1m is crucial here and depends on the quality of the manufacturer. If we start from 86 dB at 1m, it is not the same than starting from 96 dB to use the distance/cone tricks</div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- compression drivers could be a solution. They are not expensive and reach much higher SPLs. See here the sensitivity for instance <a class=3D"moz-txt-link-freetext" href=3D"http://www.bmsspeakers.com/= index.php?id=3Dcompression_drivers">http://www.bmsspeakers.com/index.php?id=3D= compression_drivers</a><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- going upper than 20kHz (because of mice) might be a problem for common tweeters and even compression drivers. 30kHz could be possible (see smallest BMS drivers) but I've seen no solution for 40kHz for instance. This is not common for traumas though but this is to remember when using white noise for instance.</div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">- speakers specs have to be checked when calibrating the speaker you bought, you can't only trust the manufacturer and there is a variability from one speaker to another as well (I observed that with the TDT EC1 speakers by the way even if they're very good)</div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">many thanks again, have a good week-end</= div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">Boris<br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix"><br> </div> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">Le 12/02/2021 =C3=A0 16:25, Bernstein,Les= lie a =C3=A9crit :<br> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite" cite=3D"mid:85db56c4f0f3427c81b7292f691baf57@xxxxxxxx= SO-ITEXC-MB21.uchc.net"> <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1252"> <font face=3D"Verdana">I'm copying here a response that Dr. Doug Oliver sent to Boris and I'm attaching the documentation:<br> <br> </font><i><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">We have had great success with Eminence tweeters when they are modified to prevent overheating. A protocol is attached. We are using 116 dB at 11 cm from the front of the horn on awake mice. After modification, our speakers have lasted over a year. At least 40 hours of use, one hour at a time.</span></i><i> </i><i><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">Best of luck.</span></i><font f= ace=3D"Verdana"><br> <br> Les Bernstein<br> </font><br> <div class=3D"moz-cite-prefix">On 2/12/2021 12:10 AM, Bob Masta wrote:<br> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite" cite=3D"mid:60253546.13654.C3DA74E6@xxxxxxxx= qarta.com"> <pre class=3D"moz-quote-pre" wrap=3D"">*** Attention: This is an ext= ernal email. Use caution responding, opening attachments or clicking on link= s. *** Speaker specs are always given at 1 meter distance. Animals being exposed a= re usually much closer. Note that this can cause its own problems if you are trying to expose multip= le animals using multiple close-by speakers, which will create interference patterns. With noise stimuli, I have been able to reduce that problem somew= hat by using two unrelated noise sources to drive alternate tweeters in the arra= y. Another issue is that the animal will move around in its cage, and may thus move out of the main beam of a close-by speaker if it has space to do so. Since you mentioned mice, I expect you will be working above 20 kHz. Tweete= r frequency responses tend to be very ragged in this region, probably since th= ey are made for humans(!). Be sure to get curves for the models you are interested in. Also note that simple speaker power-handling specs can be misleading in a ma= jor way, if they assume that the speaker is used to reproduce music, and they st= ate the power applied to a full-range system that uses that tweeter. Assuming a= pink-noise power distribution that falls at 3 dB/oct, with the woofer using t= he most power, the tweeter gets very little. You may have to contact the maker directly for relevant data. High-power tweeters tend to be expensive ($40 US seems to be typical at <a class=3D"moz-txt-link-freetext" href=3D"https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:= //www.parts-express.com__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5= K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259kayIA9Cw$" moz-do-not-send=3D"true">https://urldefense.co= m/v3/__http://www.parts-express.com__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUH= yHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259kayIA9Cw$</a> these days). The last time I s= et up a system to do this was 2007. I ordered one each of 2 prospective models and ran my own tests. I= think they are out of production now. The Pyramid TW47 was the one I chose.= It hit 121 dB SPL at 9 inches driven by 4 Vrms in 1/3rd octave around 10 kHz= , or 118 dB with a full octave at 16 kHz. Hope this helps! Bob Masta ------------------------- On 11 Feb 2021 at 11:12, Boris Gour=C3=A9vitch wrote: </pre> <blockquote type=3D"cite"> <pre class=3D"moz-quote-pre" wrap=3D"">Dear auditory list, I was looking for a speaker (probably a tweeter) that would reach 120 to maybe 130 dB SPL in a high frequency range (for mice). I am a bit puzzled with the many papers inducing noise trauma (i.e. Warren, Fenton et al, J Neuroscience 2020; Amanipour et al, 2018; Chen, Sheppar and Salvi 2016; Novak, Zelenka et al, 2016) which actually used pretty common tweeters to do that. Technical specifications for these tweeters do not really indicate that they could handle such high SPL (and therefore such high voltage). How did they determine that ? How can we know then ? Only by sensitivity measure adjusted for the watt power of the speaker ? Let's take an example: in the Warren et al above cited, the Visaton speaker from RadioSpare is used to deliver 3kHz at 126 dB SPL. The technical specifications (<a class=3D"moz-txt-link-freetext" href=3D"https://urldefense.com/v3/__http= s://docs.rs-online.com/170c/0900766b802e5b23.pdf__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y= 74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259mXNym04A$" moz-do-not-send=3D"tr= ue">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://docs.rs-online.com/170c/0900766b802e= 5b23.pdf__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG= 2259mXNym04A$</a> ) indicate 30W max and a sensitivity of 86 dB. Thus, it seems that this speaker could not deliver above 101 dB SPL. How did the authors do to avoid damaging their speaker ? Same question with other speakers as well. I'm not an acoustician/electronician and I am probably missing something here. Many thanks for your help. Also, many of the tweeters from the papers above are discontinued so if you know a pretty robust one that you are safely using at high SPLs, please do not hesitate to tell me. Best regards Boris -- Dr Boris Gour=C3=A9vitch CNRS Researcher Institut de l'Audition UMR1120 Inserm, Institut Pasteur 63 rue de Charenton 75012 Paris, France Tel: (+33) 1 76 53 50 41 Personal Web page: <a class=3D"moz-txt-link-freetext" href=3D"https://urldef= ense.com/v3/__http://www.pi314.net/__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUH= yHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259nZ4-XLPA$" moz-do-not-send=3D"true">https://u= rldefense.com/v3/__http://www.pi314.net/__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0M= hRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259nZ4-XLPA$</a> -- L'absence de virus dans ce courrier =C3=A9lectronique a =C3=A9t=C3=A9 v=C3=A9= rifi=C3=A9e par le logiciel antivirus Avast. <a class=3D"moz-txt-link-freetext" href=3D"https:/= /urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.avast.com/antivirus__;!!N0rdg9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8= QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259kfhXW54Q$" moz-do-not-send=3D= "true">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.avast.com/antivirus__;!!N0rdg= 9Wr!7g1-G7NsB8QT8y74rn5s0MhRhUHyHf_6d1Eehj5K0JcYeq5z5_0abG2259kfhXW54Q$</a> </pre> </blockquote> </blockquote> <br> <br> <div class=3D"moz-signature">-- <br> <!-- saved from url=3D(0048)data:text/html;filename=3DUCHSig.html;ba= se64,CjwhLS0gc2F2ZWQgZnJvbSB1cmw9KDAwNDgpZmlsZTovLy9EOi9Vc2Vycy9sYmVybnN0ZWl= uL1BpY3R1cmVzL1VDSFNpZy5odG1sIC0tPgo8aHRtbD48aGVhZD48bWV0YSBodHRwLWVxdWl2PSJ= Db250ZW50LVR5cGUiIGNvbnRlbnQ9InRleHQvaHRtbDsgY2hhcnNldD1VVEYtOCI+CgogICAgCiA= gICA8dGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZT4KICA8L2hlYWQ+CiAgPGJvZHkgYmdjb2xvcj0iI0ZGRkZGRiIgdGV= 4dD0iIzAwMDAwMCI+CiAgICA8Yj48c3BhbiBzdHlsZT0iZm9udC1zaXplOjEwLjBwdDtmb250LWZ= hbWlseTomcXVvdDtBcmlhbCZxdW90OyxzYW5zLXNlcmlmOwogICAgICAgIG1zby1mYXJlYXN0LWZ= vbnQtZmFtaWx5OiZxdW90O1RpbWVzIE5ldyBSb21hbgogICAgICAgIFw7Y29sb3JcOlwjMDAyMDQ= 4JnF1b3Q7Ij5MZXNsaWUgUi4gQmVybnN0ZWluLCBQaC5ELiA8L3NwYW4+PC9iPjxiPjxzcGFuIHN= 0eWxlPSJmb250LXNpemU6MTAuMHB0O2ZvbnQtZmFtaWx5OiZxdW90O0FyaWFsJnF1b3Q7LHNhbnM= tc2VyaWY7CgogICAgICAgIG1zby1mYXJlYXN0LWZvbnQtZmFtaWx5OiZxdW90O1RpbWVzIE5ldyB= Sb21hbgogICAgICAgIFw7Y29sb3JcOlwjNTg1ODU4JnF1b3Q7Ij58IDwvc3Bhbj48L2I+PHNwYW4= gc3R5bGU9ImZvbnQtc2l6ZToxMC4wcHQ7Zm9udC1mYW1pbHk6JnF1b3Q7QXJpYWwmcXVvdDssc2Fu= cy1zZXJpZjttc28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZhbWlseToKJnF1b3Q7VGltZXMKCiAgICAgIE5ldyBS= b21hbiBcO2NvbG9yXDpcIzU4NTg1OCZxdW90OyI+UHJvZmVzc29yPC9zcGFuPjxzcGFuIHN0eWxl= PSJtc28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZhbWlseTogJnF1b3Q7VGltZXMgTmV3IFJvbWFuJnF1b3Q7Ij48= bzpwPjwvbzpwPjwvc3Bhbj48c3BhbiBzdHlsZT0iZm9udC1zaXplOjEwLjBwdDtmb250LWZhbWls= eTomcXVvdDtBcmlhbCZxdW90OyxzYW5zLXNlcmlmOwogICAgICBtc28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZh= bWlseTomcXVvdDtUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4KICAgICAgXDtjb2xvclw6XCM1ODU4NTgmcXVvdDsi= Pjxicj4KICAgICAgRGVwdHMuIG9mIE5ldXJvc2NpZW5jZSBhbmQgU3VyZ2VyeSAoT3RvbGFyeW5n= b2xvZ3kpIHwgVUNvbm4gU2Nob29sCiAgICAgIG9mIE1lZGljaW5lIDwvc3Bhbj48YnI+CiAgICA8= c3BhbiBzdHlsZT0iZm9udC1zaXplOjEwLjBwdDtmb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtBcmlhbCZxdW90= OyxzYW5zLXNlcmlmOwogICAgICBtc28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtUaW1lcyBO= ZXcgUm9tYW4KICAgICAgXDtjb2xvclw6XCM1ODU4NTgmcXVvdDsiPjwvc3Bhbj48c3BhbiBzdHls= ZT0iZm9udC1zaXplOjEwLjBwdDtmb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtBcmlhbCZxdW90OyxzYW5zLXNl= cmlmOwogICAgICBtc28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4K= ICAgICAgXDtjb2xvclw6XCM1ODU4NTgmcXVvdDsiPjI2MyBGYXJtaW5ndG9uIEF2ZW51ZSwgRmFy= bWluZ3RvbiwgQ1QKICAgICAgMDYwMzAtMzQwMTwvc3Bhbj48YnI+CiAgICA8c3BhbiBzdHlsZT0i= Zm9udC1zaXplOjEwLjBwdDtmb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtBcmlhbCZxdW90OyxzYW5zLXNlcmlm= OwogICAgICBtc28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4KICAg= ICAgXDtjb2xvclw6XCM1ODU4NTgmcXVvdDsiPjwvc3Bhbj48c3BhbiBzdHlsZT0iZm9udC1zaXpl= OjEwLjBwdDtmb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtBcmlhbCZxdW90OyxzYW5zLXNlcmlmOwogICAgICBt= c28tZmFyZWFzdC1mb250LWZhbWlseTomcXVvdDtUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4KICAgICAgXDtjb2xv= clw6XCM1ODU4NTgmcXVvdDsiPk9mZmljZTogODYwLjY3OS40NjIyIHwgRmF4OiA4NjAuNjc5LjI0= OTU8YnI+CiAgICAgIDxicj4KICAgICAgPGltZyBhbHQ9IiIgc3JjPSJmaWxlOi8vL0Q6L1VzZXJz= L2xiZXJuc3RlaW4vUGljdHVyZXMvdWNvbm5oZWFsdGhfc3RhY2tlZF9ibHVlX2VtYWlsLnBuZyIg= aGVpZ2h0PSI0OCIgd2lkdGg9IjEyNSI+PGJyPgogICAgPC9zcGFuPgogIAoKPC9ib2R5PjwvaHRt= bD4=3D --> <title></title> <b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",san= s-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#002048"">Leslie R. Bernstein, Ph.D. </span></b><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Ar= ial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">| </span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial= ",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">Professor</span><span style=3D"= mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><o:p></o:p></span><spa= n style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""><br> Depts. of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology) | UConn School of Medicine </span> <br> <span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-s= erif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""></span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;fo= nt-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401</span><br> <span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-s= erif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858""></span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;fo= nt-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman \;color\:\#585858"">Office: 860.679.4622 | Fax: 860.679.2495<br> <br> <div><uconnhealth_stacked_blue_email.png></div><br> </span></div> </blockquote> <p><br> </p> =20 </div></blockquote></div></body></html>= --Apple-Mail-4B0BFF7E-D134-4F05-9D2F-6FA02458BB55--