Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training From: "Prof. dr Henkjan Honing" <honing@xxxxxxxx> Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2020 13:52:22 +0200--Apple-Mail=_5776F844-B8CD-4137-A995-DE8D6178568F Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 I agree with Sam, Ian and others that the cognitive benefits of music = tend to be overestimated, often for non-scientific reasons. Similar = effects can be seen in the literature on benefits for health care. I = have been critical in the public debate about these =E2=80=99shouting = ourselves in the foot claims' (mostly in Dutch, e.g. [1]).=20 Nevertheless, I believe that showing that music matters, is a good = thing, while being appreciative of individual differences (btw = fundamental to a phenomics and genetics of musicality [2]) and = differences across cultures and societies [3]. Music is not just = culture, and it is also not just biology. Henkjan [1] http://www.mcg.uva.nl/press/press-Pages/page-188.html [2] https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0092 = <https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0092> [3] https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.185 = <https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.185> > On 15 Aug 2020, at 12:35, Samuel Mehr <sam@xxxxxxxx> wrote: >=20 > Hi AUDITORY, not that anyone asked, but I agree with Ian, and wrote to = that effect in this Times op-ed = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/opinion/sunday/music-and-success.html = <https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.n= ytimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fmusic-and-success.html&da= ta=3D02%7C01%7CH.J.Honing%40uva.nl%7C0d906f2ea78649dd33c208d8419f9c8a%7Ca0= f1cacd618c4403b94576fb3d6874e5%7C1%7C0%7C637331501081167773&sdata=3DJhh8gs= jXAWkrsNTG38%2BsG035R%2BK693%2B69PFq3LioVoE%3D&reserved=3D0> > But even if future studies fail to support the existence of music=E2=80=99= s cognitive benefits, this should not deter parents from providing their = children with music lessons. Our findings in no way diminish the = intrinsic value of music education, which is so obvious that it needs no = validation from empirical study. We=E2=80=99ve made literature, history, = mathematics and science core elements of education. Why should music =E2=80= =94 a human activity older than the written word =E2=80=94 be any = different?=20 > My colleagues and I urge parents, teachers, school administrators and = policy makers to make music education a part of children=E2=80=99s lives = for the musical skills it imparts, the cultural knowledge it conveys = and, above all, the joy it brings. As Aristotle wrote, music =E2=80=9Cmake= s the hearts of men glad: so that on this ground alone we may assume = that the young ought to be trained in it.=E2=80=9D >=20 > -- > Samuel Mehr > Department of Psychology > Harvard University > Be a citizen scientist at themusiclab.org = <https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fthemu= siclab.org%2F&data=3D02%7C01%7CH.J.Honing%40uva.nl%7C0d906f2ea78649dd33c20= 8d8419f9c8a%7Ca0f1cacd618c4403b94576fb3d6874e5%7C1%7C0%7C63733150108117776= 3&sdata=3DMPaa7piu%2BC3dA%2B5u7qOd3Ug9TqrjdDN%2FGSw0s70OBqk%3D&reserved=3D= 0>! >=20 >=20 > On Sat, Aug 15, 2020 at 6:18 AM Ian Cross <ic108@xxxxxxxx = <mailto:ic108@xxxxxxxx>> wrote: >=20 > To play devil's advocate here, I'm not sure that the question of = whether or not musical training has effects beyond music in is worth = asking, other than in the political attempt to counter the philistinism = of a utilitarian capitalism that discounts any investment in activities = that are not obviously of immediate economic value. One of the = persistent problems with research into phenomena such as "effects of = musical training" or "genetics of musicality" is a failure to recognise = the culture-specificity of the concepts "musical training" and = "musicality". Even in what might be construed as the fairly homogeneous = musical culture of contemporary Europe, different skills are accorded = different degrees of importance in different national music-educational = traditions. "Musicality" across Europe is something of a Frankenstein = concept =E2=80=94 and once one moves beyond Europe the diversity of what = might count as "musicality" only increases. Hence one would expect to = find quite different answers to the question that are highly dependent = on cultural context =E2=80=94 even if one could identify what one = intends by the term "music" in the first place. >=20 > =20 > Best, >=20 > Ian Cross >=20 > On 15/08/2020 07:57, Colette McKAY wrote: >> note that papers comparing musicians and non-musicians in = cross-sectional studies cannot separate effects of music training and = innate (genetic based) characteristics. >> Similarly, in those studies, correlations of effects with amount of = music training or engagement in training cannot separate effects of = training and innate characteristics. >>=20 >> Longitudinal training studies with careful control of expectation = bias and innate characteristics are the only valid way to see if the = training itself is being transferred to other cognitive or sensory = domains. Unfortunately most of those studies have low quality research = designs and the chance of finding an effect of music training is = positively correlated with poor design (inappropriate or no control, no = randomisation, wrong statistics). e.g. Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020). = Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A = multilevel meta-analysis. Mem Cognit. doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2 = found null effect of music training on cognitive outcomes when the = correlation of effect size with quality of research design was = partialled out of the analysis. >>=20 >> There is also a growing literature of genetic studies and twin = studies that highlight the genetic differences between people with = musical aptitude or not. This link is largely ignored in "music = training" studies >>=20 >> best, >> Colette McKay . University of Amsterdam Faculty of Humanities=20 Faculty of Science =20 Prof. dr Henkjan Honing Professor of Music Cognition =20 Academic: www.mcg.uva.nl =20 Professional: www.iedereenismuzikaal.nl New books: www.mitpress.mit.edu/contributors/henkjan-honing . --Apple-Mail=_5776F844-B8CD-4137-A995-DE8D6178568F Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 <html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; = charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div>I agree with Sam, Ian and others that = the cognitive benefits of music tend to be overestimated, often for = non-scientific reasons. Similar effects can be seen in the literature on = benefits for health care. I have been critical in the public debate = about these =E2=80=99shouting ourselves in the foot claims' (mostly in = Dutch, e.g. [1]). <div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D"">Nevertheless, I believe that showing that <i class=3D"">music = matters</i>, is a good thing, while being appreciative of individual = differences (btw fundamental to a phenomics and genetics of musicality = [2]) and differences across cultures and societies [3]. Music is not = just culture, and it is also not just biology.<div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><i class=3D"">Henkjan</i></div><div = class=3D""><i class=3D""><br class=3D""></i></div><div class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-style: normal;" class=3D"">[1] </span><a = href=3D"http://www.mcg.uva.nl/press/press-Pages/page-188.html" = class=3D"">http://www.mcg.uva.nl/press/press-Pages/page-188.html</a></div>= <div class=3D""><span style=3D"font-style: normal;" = class=3D"">[2] </span><a = href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0092" = class=3D"epub-section__doi__text">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0092</= a></div><div class=3D""><span style=3D"font-style: normal;" = class=3D"">[3] </span><a = href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.185" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.185</a><div = class=3D"ww-citation-wrap-doi"> <div class=3D"citation-doi"> </div></div><div><br class=3D""><blockquote = type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D"">On 15 Aug 2020, at 12:35, = Samuel Mehr <<a href=3D"mailto:sam@xxxxxxxx" = class=3D"">sam@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:</div><br = class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><meta = http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dutf-8" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"">Hi AUDITORY, not that anyone = asked, but I agree with Ian, and wrote to that effect in this Times = op-ed <a = href=3D"https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%= 2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fmusic-and-success.= html&data=3D02%7C01%7CH.J.Honing%40uva.nl%7C0d906f2ea78649dd33c208d841= 9f9c8a%7Ca0f1cacd618c4403b94576fb3d6874e5%7C1%7C0%7C637331501081167773&= ;sdata=3DJhh8gsjXAWkrsNTG38%2BsG035R%2BK693%2B69PFq3LioVoE%3D&reserved= =3D0" = originalsrc=3D"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/opinion/sunday/music-and= -success.html" = shash=3D"S6EcfPdvkudeNT1EmTTEXJ62mdbpWKo7s0FdYQfxPFmqPsBOX+BO1lZyc4KLxBemp= 8Piltq5FM7Q6mz2Jho6EoAhi2XVoXlm9No+NEar8zuVRfGMtnkTt+djdhlffLenahXcQuwAmwD= inbnAUThMr0bbzXXTOsmmhmCG4gvFftg=3D" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/opinion/sunday/music-and-suc= cess.html</a><div class=3D""><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" = style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid = rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">But even if future studies fail to = support the existence of music=E2=80=99s cognitive benefits, this should = not deter parents from providing their children with music lessons. Our = findings in no way diminish the intrinsic value of music education, = which is so obvious that it needs no validation from empirical study. = We=E2=80=99ve made literature, history, mathematics and science core = elements of education. Why should music =E2=80=94 a human activity older = than the written word =E2=80=94 be any different? <br class=3D"">My = colleagues and I urge parents, teachers, school administrators and = policy makers to make music education a part of children=E2=80=99s lives = for the musical skills it imparts, the cultural knowledge it conveys = and, above all, the joy it brings. As Aristotle wrote, music =E2=80=9Cmake= s the hearts of men glad: so that on this ground alone we may assume = that the young ought to be trained in it.=E2=80=9D</blockquote><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" data-smartmail=3D"gmail_signature" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr"= class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div style=3D"font-size:12.8px" = class=3D""><div style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div style=3D"font-size:12.8px" = class=3D""><div style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div = style=3D"color:rgb(136,136,136);font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div= dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D"">--</font></div></div><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D"">Samuel Mehr</font></div><div style=3D"font-size:12.8px" = class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" class=3D"">Department of = Psychology</font></div><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-size:12.8px" = class=3D""><span style=3D"color:rgb(102,102,102);font-size:12.8px" = class=3D"">Harvard University</span></div><div dir=3D"ltr" = style=3D"font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(102,102,102);font-size:12.8px" class=3D""><b = class=3D"">Be a citizen scientist at <a = href=3D"https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=3Dhttps%3A%2F%= 2Fthemusiclab.org%2F&data=3D02%7C01%7CH.J.Honing%40uva.nl%7C0d906f2ea7= 8649dd33c208d8419f9c8a%7Ca0f1cacd618c4403b94576fb3d6874e5%7C1%7C0%7C637331= 501081177763&sdata=3DMPaa7piu%2BC3dA%2B5u7qOd3Ug9TqrjdDN%2FGSw0s70OBqk= %3D&reserved=3D0" originalsrc=3D"https://themusiclab.org/" = shash=3D"tqdpUJT5RBKGcXoVHT/HxTvEpz9XXaMIKbdbc38NyQDNN0PBsDCMaZgz9CJSCgSy8= fb8CEjbjXW1M+sxe8jbH0RPIXy62m/cZxSWynQxuvMNGTrpp5yse7qKFUvt4+0u1TEcmFySshP= jB+VwWuhO8z63z8LEYAlvdeS8PWTQgNo=3D" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">themusiclab.org</a>!</b></span></div></div></div></div></div></= div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></di= v></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>= </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></= div></div></div></div><br class=3D""></div></div></div><br class=3D""><div= class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Sat, Aug = 15, 2020 at 6:18 AM Ian Cross <<a href=3D"mailto:ic108@xxxxxxxx" = target=3D"_blank" class=3D"">ic108@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:<br = class=3D""></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px = 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> =20 =20 =20 <div class=3D""><div class=3D""> <br class=3D"webkit-block-placeholder"></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">To= play devil's advocate here, I'm not sure that the question of whether or not musical training has effects beyond music in is worth asking, other than in the political attempt to counter the philistinism of a utilitarian capitalism that discounts any investment in activities that are not obviously of immediate economic value. One of the persistent problems with research into phenomena such as "effects of musical training" or "genetics of musicality" is a failure to recognise the culture-specificity of the concepts "musical training" and "musicality".<span class=3D""> </span>Even in what might be construed as the fairly homogeneous musical culture of contemporary Europe, different skills are accorded different degrees of importance in different national music-educational traditions.<span class=3D""> = </span>"Musicality" across Europe is something of a Frankenstein concept =E2=80=94 and = once one moves beyond Europe the diversity of what might count as "musicality" only increases.<span class=3D""> </span>Hence one would expect to find quite different answers to the question that are highly dependent on cultural context =E2=80=94 even if one could identify what one = intends by the term "music" in the first place.</p><div class=3D""> <br = class=3D"webkit-block-placeholder"></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Best,</p> <span class=3D"">Ian Cross</span><div class=3D""> <br class=3D"webkit-block-placeholder"></div> <div class=3D"">On 15/08/2020 07:57, Colette McKAY wrote:<br class=3D""> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""> =20 =20 =20 <div style=3D"direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: = 10pt;" class=3D"">note that papers comparing musicians and non-musicians in cross-sectional studies cannot separate effects of music training and innate (genetic based) characteristics. <div class=3D"">Similarly, in those studies, correlations of = effects with amount of music training or engagement in training cannot separate effects of training and innate characteristics.</div> <div class=3D""><br class=3D""> </div> <div class=3D"">Longitudinal training studies with careful = control of expectation bias and innate characteristics are the only valid way to see if the training <u class=3D"">itself</u> is= being transferred to other cognitive or sensory domains. Unfortunately most of those studies have low quality research designs and the chance of finding an effect of music training is positively correlated with poor design (inappropriate or no control, no randomisation, wrong statistics). e.g. <span = style=3D"color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14.= 6667px" class=3D"">Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020). Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Mem Cognit. doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2 </span><span = style=3D"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14.6667px" = class=3D"">f</span><span style=3D"font-size:14.6667px" class=3D"">ound null effect of music training on cognitive outcomes when the correlation of effect size with quality of research design was partialled out of the analysis.</span></div> <div class=3D""><br class=3D""> <div class=3D"">There is also a growing literature of genetic = studies and twin studies that highlight the genetic differences between people with musical aptitude or not. This link is largely ignored in "music training" studies</div> <div class=3D""><br class=3D""> </div> <div class=3D"">best,</div> <div class=3D"">Colette McKay</div> </div> = </div></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div><br = class=3D""><div class=3D""> <div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, = 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;" class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"text-align: = start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: = space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" = style=3D"text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"auto" style=3D"text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><div = dir=3D"auto" style=3D"text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;" class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div style=3D"text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><div = style=3D"orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"orphans: 2; text-align: start; = text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: = space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><div dir=3D"auto" = style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;" class=3D""><div style=3D"margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-top: 0px;" class=3D""><div style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; = letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; = word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: = 0px; font-family: Courier; font-size: 14px;" class=3D""><div = class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 10px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); = font-family: Calibri;" class=3D"">.</span></div></div><div = style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: = Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-weight: = bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px;" = class=3D"">University of Amsterdam</span></div><div style=3D"caret-color: = rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; = white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Courier; font-weight: = normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"color: rgb(102, 102, 102); = font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px;" class=3D"">Faculty of = Humanities </span></div><div style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; = letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; = word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: = 0px; font-family: Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Calibri; font-size: = 12px;" class=3D"">Faculty of Science</span></div><div = style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: = Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: = 12px;" class=3D""> </span></div><div style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, = 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: = normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Courier; font-weight: = normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, = 102, 102); font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px;" class=3D"">Prof. dr = Henkjan Honing</span></div><div style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: = Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"color: rgb(102, = 102, 102); font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal;" = class=3D"">Professor of Music Cognition</span></div><div = style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: = Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"color: rgb(102, = 102, 102); font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px;" = class=3D""> </span></div><div class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = face=3D"Calibri" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 12px;" = class=3D"">Academic: <a href=3D"http://www.mcg.uva.nl" = class=3D"">www.mcg.uva.nl</a> </span></font></div><div = class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" face=3D"Calibri" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 12px;" class=3D"">Professional: <a = href=3D"http://www.iedereenismuzikaal.nl" = class=3D"">www.iedereenismuzikaal.nl</a></span></font></div><div = style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: = Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: = 12px;" class=3D""><span style=3D"color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: = Calibri;" class=3D"">New books: <span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"><a = href=3D"http://www.mitpress.mit.edu/contributors/henkjan-honing" = class=3D"">www.mitpress.mit.edu/contributors/henkjan-honing</a></span></sp= an></span></div><div style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, = 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: = Courier; font-weight: normal;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: = 10px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Calibri;" = class=3D"">.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><= /div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></d= iv></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <br class=3D""></div></div></body></html>= --Apple-Mail=_5776F844-B8CD-4137-A995-DE8D6178568F--