Re: [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training (Douglas Scott )

Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training From: Douglas Scott <jdmusictuition@xxxxxxxx> Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2020 13:10:41 -0400 --000000000000b3ff7d05aced9e1a Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000b3ff7c05aced9e19" --000000000000b3ff7c05aced9e19 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I think it is perfectly legitimate to ask if there are ancillary effects. It's not just about countering the phillistinic impulse or economic value. It's also about the fact that brain tissue is some of the most energy intensive tissue in the body and there is direct trade-off between gut tissue and brain tissue in evolutionary terms. So if you are trying to understand the human condition in general, it would be counterproductive to simply ignore the fact that a disproportionate amount of time, effort and energy is being expended on an activity that seemingly has no function at all, whether that be in the form of training or cultural practice generally. Conversely, if one is trying to understand the nature of music on its own terms, it makes it very difficult if one deliberately restricted the search to intrinsic qualities and matters of functionally empty personal or social edification. Matters of classification are not restricted to artistic matters either. As Stephen Jay Gould famously noted: "There is no such thing as a fish". This is a problem inherent to classification schemes and language in general, and doesn't really tell us anything specific about music in particular. While it certainly worth being aware of the fact that truth is undefinable in this way when doing any sort of framing, it shouldn't act as a preventative to framing, but as a cautionary to avoid substituting the framing for the undefinable dynamical object under investigation in the first place. Regards Douglas Scott On Sat, 15 Aug 2020 at 06:15, Ian Cross <ic108@xxxxxxxx> wrote: > To play devil's advocate here, I'm not sure that the question of whether > or not musical training has effects beyond music in is worth asking, othe= r > than in the political attempt to counter the philistinism of a utilitaria= n > capitalism that discounts any investment in activities that are not > obviously of immediate economic value. One of the persistent problems wit= h > research into phenomena such as "effects of musical training" or "genetic= s > of musicality" is a failure to recognise the culture-specificity of the > concepts "musical training" and "musicality". Even in what might be > construed as the fairly homogeneous musical culture of contemporary Europ= e, > different skills are accorded different degrees of importance in differen= t > national music-educational traditions. "Musicality" across Europe is > something of a Frankenstein concept =E2=80=94 and once one moves beyond E= urope the > diversity of what might count as "musicality" only increases. Hence one > would expect to find quite different answers to the question that are > highly dependent on cultural context =E2=80=94 even if one could identify= what one > intends by the term "music" in the first place. > > > > Best, > Ian Cross > > On 15/08/2020 07:57, Colette McKAY wrote: > > note that papers comparing musicians and non-musicians in cross-sectional > studies cannot separate effects of music training and innate (genetic > based) characteristics. > Similarly, in those studies, correlations of effects with amount of music > training or engagement in training cannot separate effects of training an= d > innate characteristics. > > Longitudinal training studies with careful control of expectation bias an= d > innate characteristics are the only valid way to see if the training > *itself* is being transferred to other cognitive or sensory domains. > Unfortunately most of those studies have low quality research designs and > the chance of finding an effect of music training is positively correlate= d > with poor design (inappropriate or no control, no randomisation, wrong > statistics). e.g. Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020). Cognitive and academic > benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Mem > Cognit. doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2 found null effect of music > training on cognitive outcomes when the correlation of effect size with > quality of research design was partialled out of the analysis. > > There is also a growing literature of genetic studies and twin studies > that highlight the genetic differences between people with musical aptitu= de > or not. This link is largely ignored in "music training" studies > > best, > Colette McKay > > Professor Colette McKay > Principal Scientist > Leader, Translational Hearing Research > Bionics Institute > 384-388 Albert St > East Melbourne Vic 3002 > Office: +61 3 9667 7500 > Direct line: +61 3 9667 7541 > Mobile: 0408698202 > Fax: +61 3 9667 7518 > http://www.bionicsinstitute.org/our-staff/Pages/Prof-Colette-McKay.aspx > Donate today to help us change lives > > This email is private and confidential to the intended recipient. If you > are not the intended recipient please do not copy it, circulate it or tak= e > any action in reliance on it. Kindly notify me that it has been misdirect= ed > and then delete it. Thank you. > ------------------------------ > *From:* Colette McKAY > *Sent:* 14 August 2020 15:01 > *To:* Francesco Caprini; AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx > *Subject:* RE: [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training > > I suggest you have a look at the following meta-analysis re cognition. > > Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020). Cognitive and academic benefits of music > training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Mem Cognit. > doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2 > > > > And this paper > > Schellenberg, E. G. (2015). Music training and speech perception: a > gene-environment interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1337, 170-177. > doi:10.1111/nyas.12627 > > > > ..and many papers that make claims unsubstantiated by their stats or > research design. > > > > Best regards, > > Colette > > > > *Professor Colette McKay* > > Leader, Translational Hearing Research > > Principal Scientist > > Bionics Institute > > 384-388 Albert St > > East Melbourne Vic 3002 > > Office: +61 3 9667 7500 > > Direct line: +61 3 9667 7541 > > Mobile: 0408698202 > > Fax: +61 3 9667 7518 > > http://www.bionicsinstitute.org/our-staff/Pages/Prof-Colette-McKay.aspx > > A world leader in medical bionics > <http://www.bionicsinstitute.org/our-services/> > > Donate today to help us change lives > <http://www.bionicsinstitute.org/support_us/Pages/donate.aspx> > > > > *This email is private and confidential to the intended recipient. If you > are not the intended recipient please do not copy it, circulate it or tak= e > any action in reliance on it. Kindly notify me that it has been misdirect= ed > and then delete it. Thank you.* > > > > > > [image: cid:image001.jpg@xxxxxxxx > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/bionics-institute> [image: > cid:image002.jpg@xxxxxxxx > <https://www.facebook.com/BionicsInstitute?ref=3Dhl> [image: > cid:image003.jpg@xxxxxxxx <https://twitter.com/BionicsInst> [i= mage: > cid:image004.jpg@xxxxxxxx > <http://www.youtube.com/BionicsInstitute> > > [image: cid:image005.png@xxxxxxxx > > > > *From:* AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception [ > mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx>] *On Behalf Of > *Francesco Caprini > *Sent:* Friday, 14 August 2020 2:28 AM > *To:* AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx > *Subject:* [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training > > > > Dear everyone, > > > > I'm currently conducting a literature review on the transfer of musical > expertise onto other domains of cognition, as part of a paper where I > compare musicians with sound engineers across a number of behavioural > tasks, i.e. psychophysics, auditory scene analysis, sustained selective > attention, and speech in noise perception. > > > > I am specifically interested in papers that *failed* to detect an > association between musicianship and any of these dimensions, which are > surprisingly (or unsurprisingly?) very hard to find via canonical search > engines. > > > > Would anyone know of any recent papers that might fit into this category? > > > > I=E2=80=99m only aware of the mixed literature on speech in noise percept= ion (see > refs below). > > > > Any help will be greatly appreciated. > > > > > > Kind regards, > > > > Francesco > > > > > > > > **References** > > > > Ruggles, D. R., Freyman, R. L., & Oxenham, A. J. (2014). Influence of > musical training on understanding voiced and whispered speech in noise. > PLoS ONE, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086980 > > > > Boebinger, D., Evans, S., Rosen, S., Lima, C. F., Manly, T., & Scott, S. > K. (2015). Musicians and non-musicians are equally adept at perceiving > masked speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137(1), > 378=E2=80=93387. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4904537 > > > > Fuller, C. D., Galvin, J. J., Maat, B., Free, R. H., & Ba=C5=9Fkent, D. (= 2014). > The musician effect: Does it persist under degraded pitch conditions of > cochlear implant simulations? Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8(8 JUN), 1=E2= =80=9316. > https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00179 > > > > Skoe, E., Camera, S., & Tufts, J. (2019). Noise exposure may diminish the > musician advantage for perceiving speech in noise. Ear and Hearing, 40(4)= , > 782=E2=80=93793. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000665 > > > > Madsen, S. M. K., Whiteford, K. L., & Oxenham, A. J. (2017). Musicians do > not benefit from differences in fundamental frequency when listening to > speech in competing speech backgrounds. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1=E2=80= =939. > https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12937-9 > > > > > > ********************************************** > > Francesco Caprini > > PhD student in Auditory Neuroscience > > Birkbeck, University of London > > fcapri01@xxxxxxxx > > ********************************************** > > > > -- > Professor Ian Cross > Chair, Faculty Board of Music > Director, Centre for Music & Science > Faculty of Music > University of Cambridge > Cambridge CB3 9DP > > --000000000000b3ff7c05aced9e19 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr">I think it is perfectly legitimate to ask if there are anc= illary=C2=A0effects. It's not just about countering the phillistinic=C2= =A0impulse or economic value. It's also about the fact that brain tissu= e is some of the most energy intensive tissue in the body and there is dire= ct trade-off between gut tissue and brain tissue in evolutionary terms.=C2= =A0<div><br></div><div>So if you are trying to understand the human conditi= on in general, it would be counterproductive to simply ignore the fact that= a disproportionate amount of time, effort and energy is being expended on = an activity that seemingly has no function at all, whether that be in the f= orm of training or cultural practice generally. Conversely, if one is tryin= g to understand the nature=C2=A0of music on its own terms, it makes it very= difficult if one deliberately restricted the search to intrinsic qualities= and matters of functionally empty personal or social edification.</div><di= v><br></div><div>Matters of classification are not restricted to artistic m= atters either. As Stephen Jay Gould famously noted: "There is no such = thing as a fish". This is a problem inherent=C2=A0to classification sc= hemes and language in general, and doesn't really tell us anything spec= ific about music in particular. While it certainly worth being aware of the= fact that truth is undefinable in this way when doing any sort of framing,= it shouldn't act as a preventative to framing, but as a cautionary to = avoid substituting the framing for the undefinable dynamical object under i= nvestigation in the first place.</div><div><br></div><div>Regards</div><div= >Douglas Scott</div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" c= lass=3D"gmail_attr">On Sat, 15 Aug 2020 at 06:15, Ian Cross <<a href=3D"= mailto:ic108@xxxxxxxx">ic108@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote= class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px so= lid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> =20 =20 =20 <div> <p> </p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">To play devil's advocate here, I'm not sure that the question of whether or not musical training has effects beyond music in is worth asking, other than in the political attempt to counter the philistinism of a utilitarian capitalism that discounts any investment in activities that are not obviously of immediate economic value. One of the persistent problems with research into phenomena such as "effects of musica= l training" or "genetics of musicality" is a failure to = recognise the culture-specificity of the concepts "musical training" = and "musicality".<span>=C2=A0 </span>Even in what might be construed as the fairly homogeneous musical culture of contemporary Europe, different skills are accorded different degrees of importance in different national music-educational traditions.<span>=C2=A0 </span>"Musicality&quo= t; across Europe is something of a Frankenstein concept =E2=80=94 and on= ce one moves beyond Europe the diversity of what might count as "musicality&q= uot; only increases.<span>=C2=A0 </span>Hence one would expect to find quite different answers to the question that are highly dependent on cultural context =E2=80=94 even if one could identify what one intend= s by the term "music" in the first place.</p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Best,</p> <span>Ian Cross</span> <p> </p> <div>On 15/08/2020 07:57, Colette McKAY wrote:<br> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite"> =20 =20 =20 <div style=3D"direction:ltr;font-family:Tahoma;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-= size:10pt">note that papers comparing musicians and non-musicians in cross-sectional studies cannot separate effects of music training and innate (genetic based) characteristics. <div>Similarly, in those studies, correlations of effects with amount of music training or engagement in training cannot separate effects of training and innate characteristics.</div> <div><br> </div> <div>Longitudinal training studies with careful control of expectation bias and innate characteristics are the only valid way to see if the training=C2=A0<u>itself</u>=C2=A0is being trans= ferred to other cognitive or sensory domains. Unfortunately most of those studies have low quality research designs and the chance of finding an effect of music training is positively correlated with poor design (inappropriate or no control, no randomisation, wrong statistics). e.g.=C2=A0<span style=3D"color:= rgb(31,73,125);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14.6667px">Sala, G.= , & Gobet, F. (2020). Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Mem Cognit. doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2=C2=A0=C2=A0</span><span style=3D= "font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14.6667px">f</span><span style=3D= "font-size:14.6667px">ound null effect of music training on cognitive outcomes when the=C2=A0correlation of effect size with quality of research design was partialled out of the analysis.</span></div> <div><br> <div>There is also a growing literature of genetic studies and twin studies that highlight the genetic differences between people with musical aptitude or not. This link is largely ignored in "music=C2=A0 training" studies</div> <div><br> </div> <div>best,</div> <div>Colette McKay</div> </div> <div><br> <div style=3D"font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px"> <div style=3D"font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px"> <div><span>Professor Colette McKay</span><br> <span>Principal Scientist</span></div> <div><span>Leader, Translational Hearing Research</span><br> <span>Bionics Institute</span><br> <span>384-388 Albert St</span><br> <span>East Melbourne Vic 3002</span><br> <span>Office: +61 3 9667 7500</span><br> <span>Direct line: +61 3 9667 7541</span><br> <span>Mobile: 0408698202</span><br> <span>Fax: +61 3 9667 7518</span><br> <a href=3D"http://www.bionicsinstitute.org/our-staff/Pages/= Prof-Colette-McKay.aspx" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http= ://www.bionicsinstitute.org/our-staff/Pages/Prof-Colette-McKay.aspx</a><br> <span>Donate today to help us change lives</span><br> <br> <span>This email is private and confidential to the intended recipient. If you are not the intended recipient please do not copy it, circulate it or take any action in reliance on it. Kindly notify me that it has been misdirected and then delete it. Thank you.</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div style=3D"font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0= ,0);font-size:16px"> <hr> <div id=3D"gmail-m_4048790077497655012divRpF494960" style=3D"dire= ction:ltr"><font size=3D"2" face=3D"Tahoma" color=3D"#000000"><b>From:</b> = Colette McKAY<br> <b>Sent:</b> 14 August 2020 15:01<br> <b>To:</b> Francesco Caprini; <a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx= S.MCGILL.CA" target=3D"_blank">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a><br> <b>Subject:</b> RE: [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training<br> </font><br> </div> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">I suggest you have a look at t= he following meta-analysis re cognition.</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (202= 0). Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Mem Cognit. doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">=C2=A0</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">And this paper </span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Schellenberg, E. G. (2015). Mu= sic training and speech perception: a gene-environment interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1337, 170-177. doi:10.1111/nyas.12627</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">=C2=A0</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">..and many papers that make cl= aims unsubstantiated by their stats or research design.</span>= </p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fam= ily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">=C2=A0</span></p> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Best regards,</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Colette</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">=C2=A0</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-family:Calibr= i,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,159,218)">Professor Colette McKay</span></b></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Leader, Translational Hearing Researc= h</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Principal Scientist</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Bionics Institute </span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">384-388 Albert St</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">East Melbourne Vic 3002</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Office: +61 3 9667 7500</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Direct line: +61 3 9667 7541</span></= p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Mobile: 0408698202</span></p= > <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Fax: +61 3 9667 7518</span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12pt"><span s= tyle=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:red"><a href=3D= "http://www.bionicsinstitute.org/our-staff/Pages/Prof-Colette-McKay.aspx" r= el=3D"noopener noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.bionicsinstitute.or= g/our-staff/Pages/Prof-Colette-McKay.aspx</a></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><a href=3D"http://www.bionic= sinstitute.org/our-services/" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" target=3D"_blank"= >A world leader in medical bionics</a></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f= amily:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><a href=3D"http://www.bionic= sinstitute.org/support_us/Pages/donate.aspx" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" ta= rget=3D"_blank">Donate today to help us change lives</a></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><i><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;fon= t-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">=C2=A0</span></i></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><i><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;fon= t-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">This email is private and confidential to the intended recipient. 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R= esearch in Auditory Perception [<a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx= A" target=3D"_blank">mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Francesco Caprini<br> <b>Sent:</b> Friday, 14 August 2020 2:28 AM<br> <b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx= " target=3D"_blank">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a><br> <b>Subject:</b> [AUDITORY] Papers on lack of effect of musical training</span></p> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Dear everyone,</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">I'm currently conducting a literature review on the transfer of musical expertise onto other domains of cognition, as part of a paper where I compare musicians with sound engineers across a number of behavioural tasks, i.e. psychophysics, auditory scene analysis, sustained selective attention, and speech in noise perception.</p= > </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">I am specifically interested in papers that=C2=A0<u>failed</u>=C2=A0to detect an associ= ation between musicianship and any of these dimensions, which are surprisingly (or unsurprisingly?) very hard to find via canonical search engines.=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Would anyone know of any recent papers that might fit into this category?</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">I=E2=80=99m only aware of the mixe= d literature on speech in noise perception (see refs below).</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Any help will be greatly appreciated.</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Kind regards,</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Francesco</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">**References**</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Ruggles, D. R., Freyman, R. L., & Oxenham, A. J. (2014). Influence of musical training on understanding voiced and whispered speech in noise. PLoS ONE, 9(1).=C2=A0<a href=3D"http= s://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086980" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" targe= t=3D"_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086980</a></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Boebinger, D., Evans, S., Rosen, S., Lima, C. F., Manly, T., & Scott, S. K. (2015). Musicians and non-musicians are equally adept at perceiving masked speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137(1), 378=E2=80=93387.=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1= 121/1.4904537" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://doi.or= g/10.1121/1.4904537</a></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Fuller, C. D., Galvin, J. J., Maat, B., Free, R. H., & Ba=C5=9Fkent, D. (2014). The musician effect: Does it persist under degraded pitch conditions of cochlear implant simulations? Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8(8 JUN), 1=E2=80=9316.=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.3389= /fnins.2014.00179" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://do= i.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00179</a></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Skoe, E., Camera, S., & Tufts, J. (2019). Noise exposure may diminish the musician advantage for perceiving speech in noise. Ear and Hearing, 40(4), 782=E2=80=93793.=C2=A0<a href= =3D"https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000665" rel=3D"noopener noreferre= r" target=3D"_blank">https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000665</a></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Madsen, S. M. K., Whiteford, K. L., & Oxenham, A. J. (2017). Musicians do not benefit from differences in fundamental frequency when listening to speech in competing speech backgrounds. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1=E2=80=939.= =C2=A0<a href=3D"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12937-9" rel=3D"noopene= r noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12937-9<= /a></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">**********************************= ************</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Francesco Caprini</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">PhD student in Auditory Neuroscience</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">Birkbeck, University of London</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><a href=3D"mailto:fcapri01@xxxxxxxx= k.ac.uk" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">fcapri01@xxxxxxxx= .uk</a></p> </div> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">********************************= **************</p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> <pre cols=3D"72">--=20 Professor Ian Cross Chair, Faculty Board of Music Director, Centre for Music & Science Faculty of Music University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 9DP</pre> </div> </blockquote></div> --000000000000b3ff7c05aced9e19-- --000000000000b3ff7d05aced9e1a Content-Type: image/jpeg; name="image001.jpg" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="image001.jpg" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-ID: <173f30156094ce8e91> X-Attachment-Id: 173f30156094ce8e91 /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAYABgAAD/2wBDAAoHBwkHBgoJCAkLCwoMDxkQDw4ODx4WFxIZJCAmJSMg IyIoLTkwKCo2KyIjMkQyNjs9QEBAJjBGS0U+Sjk/QD3/2wBDAQsLCw8NDx0QEB09KSMpPT09PT09 PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT09PT3/wAARCAAaABoDASIA AhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQA AAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3 ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWm p6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEA 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src/postings/2020/
maintained by:

DAn Ellis <dpwe@ee.columbia.edu>
Electrical Engineering Dept., Columbia University