Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Bumblebee Buzz acoustics PhD advert From: "Maher, Rob" <rmaher@xxxxxxxx> Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 20:49:41 +0000 List-Archive:<http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?LIST=AUDITORY>--_000_BYAPR02MB5269E0E4C31C76ED1E0CEE1DD7ED0BYAPR02MB5269namp_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable This looks like a very interesting project! Parenthetical remark: Back in the early 2000s I worked for a while on a bee observation project f= or which acoustics was to be the primary means of detection. Everyone invol= ved "knew" that honeybees and bumblebees made a buzzing sound, so it seemed= reasonable to detect the presence and trajectory of a bee in the field usi= ng sound. However, it quickly became apparent that bee wingbeats are very inefficient= sound sources. The wingbeat frequency of a bumblebee is 100-200 Hz, corre= sponding to a wavelength lambda in air between 1.75 - 3.43 meters. The bum= blebee wing is only about 0.015 meters long, so it is less than 1 percent o= f the wavelength, and thus a simple source model makes the anticipated radi= ation resistance proportional to (wing_area/lambda)^2, and acoustic pressur= e at a distance "r" proportional to 1/(lambda*r). These were small numbers= . The relatively tiny wings are inefficient at launching an acoustic wave:= most of the acoustic energy is air moving back and forth around the wings = as they swirl and beat.* I wasn't able to detect a useful wingbeat audio s= ignal out in the field if more than a 30-40 cm from the bee. In other words, think about how large a loudspeaker area and displacement w= ould be needed to be to produce a significant sound level a few meters away= at 100-200 Hz, and compare that to the wing area of the bumble bee. Presumably the bee has evolved in such a way that its energy expenditure is= not "wasted" on making sound, but is instead used for nonlinear aerodynami= cs. *Cf., regarding honeybees: Short-amplitude high-frequency wing strokes determine the aerodynamics of h= oneybee flight Douglas L. Altshuler, William B. Dickson, Jason T. Vance, Stephen P. Robert= s, Michael H. Dickinson Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2005, 102 (50) 18213-18= 218; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506590102 https://www.pnas.org/content/102/50/18213 Best wishes for a successful project, Rob Maher -- Robert C. (Rob) Maher, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Montana State University-Bozeman 637 Cobleigh Hall, P.O. Box 173780 Bozeman, MT 59717-3780 http://www.montana.edu/rmaher/ Phone: 406 994 7759 Fax: 406 994 5958 Email: rob.maher@xxxxxxxx<mailto:rob.maher@xxxxxxxx> Amateur Radio= : NR7B Recent book: Principles of Forensic Audio Analysis (Springer, 2018)<https:/= /www.springer.com/us/book/9783319994529> From: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx>= On Behalf Of Picinali, Lorenzo Sent: Monday, June 10, 2019 8:59 AM To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx Subject: Bumblebee Buzz acoustics PhD advert Importance: High NOTICE: This email originated from outside of your organization. Do not cli= ck links, open attachments, or respond unless you were expecting this messa= ge and know the content is safe. Dear Colleagues, please find attached an advert for a PhD on acoustic biomonitoring , sponso= red by the Centre for Doctoral Training in Quantitative & Modelling Skills = in Ecology & Evolution (www.imperial.ac.uk/qmee-cdt/<http://www.imperial.ac= .uk/qmee-cdt/>). Please feel free to share this with colleagues and students. Thanks Lorenzo -- Dr Lorenzo Picinali Senior Lecturer in Audio Experience Design Director of Undergraduate Studies Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London Dyson Building Imperial College Road South Kensington, SW7 2DB, London T: 0044 (0)20 7594 8158 E: l.picinali@xxxxxxxx<mailto:l.picinali@xxxxxxxx> http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/l.picinali www.imperial.ac.uk/design-engineering-school<http://www.imperial.ac.uk/desi= gn-engineering-school> --_000_BYAPR02MB5269E0E4C31C76ED1E0CEE1DD7ED0BYAPR02MB5269namp_ Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <html xmlns:v=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-micr= osoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" = xmlns:m=3D"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns=3D"http:= //www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dus-ascii"= > <meta name=3D"Generator" content=3D"Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"> <style><!-- /* Font Definitions */ @xxxxxxxx {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;} @xxxxxxxx {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;} @xxxxxxxx {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;} @xxxxxxxx {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {mso-style-priority:99; color:blue; text-decoration:underline;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {mso-style-priority:99; color:purple; text-decoration:underline;} p {mso-style-priority:99; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} p.msonormal0, li.msonormal0, div.msonormal0 {mso-style-name:msonormal; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} span.EmailStyle19 {mso-style-type:personal-reply; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; font-size:10.0pt;} @xxxxxxxx WordSection1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} --></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext=3D"edit" spidmax=3D"1026" /> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit"> <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"1" /> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=3D"EN-US" link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple"> <div class=3D"WordSection1"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">This looks like a very interesting pr= oject!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Parenthetical remark:<br> Back in the early 2000s I worked for a while on a bee observation project f= or which acoustics was to be the primary means of detection. Everyone invol= ved “knew” that honeybees and bumblebees made a buzzing sound, = so it seemed reasonable to detect the presence and trajectory of a bee in the field using sound.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><br> However, it quickly became apparent that bee wingbeats are very inefficient= sound sources. The wingbeat frequency of a bumblebee is 100-200 Hz, = corresponding to a wavelength lambda in air between 1.75 - 3.43 meters.&nbs= p; The bumblebee wing is only about 0.015 meters long, so it is less than 1 percent of the wavelength, and thus a si= mple source model makes the anticipated radiation resistance proportional t= o (wing_area/lambda)^2, and acoustic pressure at a distance “r”= proportional to 1/(lambda*r). These were small numbers. The relatively tiny wings are inefficient at launching an a= coustic wave: most of the acoustic energy is air moving back and forth arou= nd the wings as they swirl and beat.* I wasn’t able to detect a= useful wingbeat audio signal out in the field if more than a 30-40 cm from the bee. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><br> In other words, think about how large a loudspeaker area and displacement w= ould be needed to be to produce a significant sound level a few meters away= at 100-200 Hz, and compare that to the wing area of the bumble bee. <br> <br> Presumably the bee has evolved in such a way that its energy expenditure is= not “wasted” on making sound, but is instead used for nonlinea= r aerodynamics.<br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">*Cf., regarding honeybees:<o:p></o:p>= </span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Short-amplitude high-frequency wing s= trokes determine the aerodynamics of honeybee flight<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Douglas L. Altshuler, William B. Dick= son, Jason T. Vance, Stephen P. Roberts, Michael H. Dickinson<o:p></o:p></s= pan></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Proceedings of the National Academy o= f Sciences Dec 2005, 102 (50) 18213-18218; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506590102<br> <a href=3D"https://www.pnas.org/content/102/50/18213">https://www.pnas.org/= content/102/50/18213</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Best wishes for a successful project,= <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Rob Maher<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Co= urier New";color:navy">--<br> Robert C. (Rob) Maher, Ph.D., P.E.<br> Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering<br> Montana State University-Bozeman<br> 637 Cobleigh Hall, P.O. Box 173780<br> Bozeman, MT 59717-3780<br> <a href=3D"http://www.montana.edu/rmaher/">http://www.montana.edu/rmaher/</= a> <br> <br> Phone: 406 994 7759  = ; Fax: 406 9= 94 5958<br> Email: <a href=3D"mailto:rob.maher@xxxxxxxx">rob.maher@xxxxxxxx<= /a> Amateur Radio: NR7B<o:p></o:p></= span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Co= urier New";color:navy"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;color:navy">Recent bo= ok: <i><a href=3D"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319994529">Principle= s of Forensic Audio Analysis (Springer, 2018)</a><br> <br> </i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div> <div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in = 0in 0in"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"= ;Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;= font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> AUDITORY - Research in Auditor= y Perception <AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Picinali, Lorenzo<br> <b>Sent:</b> Monday, June 10, 2019 8:59 AM<br> <b>To:</b> AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx<br> <b>Subject:</b> Bumblebee Buzz acoustics PhD advert<br> <b>Importance:</b> High<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style=3D"line-height:10.0pt;background:#FFFF99"><span style=3D"font-size= :8.0pt;font-family:"Cambria",serif;color:black">NOTICE: This emai= l originated from outside of your organization. Do not click links, open at= tachments, or respond unless you were expecting this message and know the content is safe. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <div id=3D"divtagdefaultwrapper"> <div> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">D= ear Colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><= o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">p= lease find attached an advert for a PhD on acoustic biomonitoring , sp= onsored by the Centre for Doctoral Training in Quantitative & Mode= lling Skills in Ecology & Evolution (<a href=3D"http://www.imperial.ac.= uk/qmee-cdt/" id=3D"LPlnk247011">www.imperial.ac.uk/qmee-cdt/</a>). <o= :p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><= o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">P= lease feel free to share this with colleagues and students.<o:p></o:p></spa= n></p> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><= o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-= serif;color:black">Thanks<br> Lorenzo<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-= serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style=3D"font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><= o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div id=3D"Signature"> <div id=3D"divtagdefaultwrapper"> <div id=3D"divtagdefaultwrapper"> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"background:white"><span style=3D"font-size:= 10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><br> -- <br> Dr Lorenzo Picinali<br> Senior Lecturer in Audio Experience Design<br> Director of Undergraduate Studies<br> Dyson School of Design Engineering<br> Imperial College London<br> Dyson Building<br> Imperial College Road<br> South Kensington, SW7 2DB, London <br> T: 0044 (0)20 7594 8158<br> E: <a href=3D"mailto:l.picinali@xxxxxxxx">l.picinali@xxxxxxxx</= a><br> </span><u><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sa= ns-serif;color:#3366FF"><br> <a href=3D"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/l.picinali" target=3D"_blank" i= d=3D"LPNoLP">http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/l.picinali</a></span></u><spa= n style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color= :black"><br> <br> <a href=3D"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/design-engineering-school" target=3D"_= blank" id=3D"LPNoLP">www.imperial.ac.uk/design-engineering-school</a></span= ><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p= ></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style=3D"font-f= amily:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span><= /p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> --_000_BYAPR02MB5269E0E4C31C76ED1E0CEE1DD7ED0BYAPR02MB5269namp_--