Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Maximum temporal window for pattern recognition and the perception of redundancy From: Kevin Austin <kevin.austin@xxxxxxxx> Date: Sat, 4 Feb 2017 01:30:00 -0500 List-Archive:<http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?LIST=AUDITORY>--Apple-Mail=_2CC9AB0E-74DB-42C1-A396-13D0FD80B982 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 I don=E2=80=99t understand the question either. I read the question as = being about memory. I=E2=80=99m not sure about =E2=80=98we=E2=80=99 = [sic], but I can remember fragments and patterns sometimes spaced out = over months, or even years. In music this area is sometimes referred to = as =E2=80=98style=E2=80=99. Listening to a slow movement of a middle = symphony of Haydn, I can hear patterns from other Haydn symphonies, and = sometimes Mozart symphonies. In post-modernist terms, with words, this = is called intertextuality. In my classes my example is a two-minute recording in a noisy restaurant = which I play to the class once. I have taken five 2-3 second excerpts. I = play these five excerpts twice. I replay the restaurant scene. Less than = half of the class pick up 1 or 2, most of the rest pick up 3 or 4, there = are usually a handful who pick out all five. Regarding ocean waves. I used to record hours of ocean waves. Years = later, I could often identify where I did the recording by listening to = less than 10 seconds. There was once a student in a class who appeared = to have a kind of eidetic hearing. Many weeks after being at a concert = of new [electroacoustic] music, the student was able to describe in = great detail pieces he had heard once. This is an unusual skill, but is = not unknown among musicians, such as George Enescu who played both the = piano part, and then the violin part of the Ravel Violin Sonata, without = the music, after one hearing. Regards Kevin > On 2017, Feb 3, at 8:07 AM, Peter Lennox <P.Lennox@xxxxxxxx> wrote: >=20 > I=E2=80=99m struggling to understand how one could talk about the = maximum temporal window independently of discussion of the dimensions of = =E2=80=98interrelatedness=E2=80=99. Your example of a sequence of = different pitches (though you don=E2=80=99t mention timbre/harmonic = content, or envelope structure) presumes differences in the frequency = domain, but similarity in other respects, is that right? > So your findings might, for argument=E2=80=99s sake, vary according to = the degree of interrelatedness (or at least, the degree of = =E2=80=98similarity=E2=80=99 along several dimensions). > Similarly, if similarity were very high (i.e. identical =E2=80=93 a = loop) =E2=80=93 the maximum temporal window might actually be the = maximum possible under any circumstances, speculatively. > In that context (=E2=80=98looping=E2=80=99), my students, in an = exercise to synthesise 10 minute spatial soundscapes (in ambisonics) = often try to get away with looping some ambient background material of, = say 2 mins. After repeated listening of the whole piece, by the third = time, the loops are very noticeable, to me (and much to the students=E2=80= =99 surprise). But that=E2=80=99s because particular features are = identical, the listener is accustomed to hearing loops (even expecting = them) and probably various other factors. > Whether this sheds any light on interrelated-but-not-identical, I=E2=80=99= ve no idea. But it=E2=80=99s not very compatible with the =E2=80=98tape = recorder=E2=80=99 metaphor, and is more akin to an example of Cocktail = Party Effect. > Regards > ppl > =20 > Dr. Peter Lennox > Senior Lecturer in Perception > College of Arts > University of Derby, UK > e: p.lennox@xxxxxxxx <mailto:p.lennox@xxxxxxxx> > t: 01332 593155 > https://derby.academia.edu/peterlennox = <https://derby.academia.edu/peterlennox> > https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Lennox = <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Lennox> > =20 > From: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception = [mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx>] On = Behalf Of Dario Sanfilippo > Sent: 01 February 2017 14:40 > To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> > Subject: Maximum temporal window for pattern recognition and the = perception of redundancy > =20 > Hello, dear list. > =20 > I would like to ask you a couple of questions and I will be very = grateful if you could help me. It would be great to be pointed out to = specific publications, thank you so much in advance for that. > =20 > The first question is on the maximum temporal window for the = recognition of patterns in long-term audio events. Generally speaking, = what is the largest (temporal) distance between audio events so that we = can still process such events as interrelated? As an example, let's = assume to have a sequence of different pitches equally spaced in time; = what is the largest possible distance between them to still be able to = perceive a melody? > =20 > The second question is on the perception of redundancy in relatively = complex (i.e., dynamical equilibrium) long-term audio events. As an = example, think of the sound of the sea: its internal structure is never = the same although it keeps a strong identity from a global point of = view. I believe that this is highly dependent on both the cultural = background of the listener as well as the degree of complexity of the = audio event itself, but is there any study which tries to relate the = perception of redundancy (i.e., the moment in which the listener's = attention drops) with a specific temporal window? And is there a = connection or similarity between this window and the one described in my = first question? > =20 > Thank you and best wishes. >=20 > Dario >=20 >=20 > The University of Derby has a published policy regarding email and = reserves the right to monitor email traffic.=20 > If you believe this was sent to you in error, please reply to the = sender and let them know. >=20 > Key University contacts: http://www.derby.ac.uk/its/contacts/ = <http://www.derby.ac.uk/its/contacts/> --Apple-Mail=_2CC9AB0E-74DB-42C1-A396-13D0FD80B982 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 <html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html = charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">I = don=E2=80=99t understand the question either. I read the question as = being about memory. I=E2=80=99m not sure about =E2=80=98we=E2=80=99 = [sic], but I can remember fragments and patterns sometimes spaced out = over months, or even years. In music this area is sometimes referred to = as =E2=80=98style=E2=80=99. Listening to a slow movement of a middle = symphony of Haydn, I can hear patterns from other Haydn symphonies, and = sometimes Mozart symphonies. In post-modernist terms, with words, this = is called intertextuality.</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D"">In my classes my example is a two-minute recording in a noisy = restaurant which I play to the class once. I have taken five 2-3 second = excerpts. I play these five excerpts twice. I replay the restaurant = scene. Less than half of the class pick up 1 or 2, most of the rest pick = up 3 or 4, there are usually a handful who pick out all five.</div><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Regarding ocean waves. I = used to record hours of ocean waves. Years later, I could often identify = where I did the recording by listening to less than 10 seconds. There = was once a student in a class who appeared to have a kind of eidetic = hearing. Many weeks after being at a concert of new [electroacoustic] = music, the student was able to describe in great detail pieces he had = heard once. This is an unusual skill, but is not unknown among = musicians, such as George Enescu who played both the piano part, and = then the violin part of the Ravel Violin Sonata, without the music, = after one hearing.</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D"">Regards</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D"">Kevin</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><br class=3D""><div><blockquote = type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D"">On 2017, Feb 3, at 8:07 AM, = Peter Lennox <<a href=3D"mailto:P.Lennox@xxxxxxxx" = class=3D"">P.Lennox@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:</div><br = class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><div = class=3D"WordSection1" style=3D"page: WordSection1; font-family: = CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: = normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: = 0px;"><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; = font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">I=E2=80=99m struggling to understand how = one could talk about the maximum temporal window independently of = discussion of the dimensions of =E2=80=98interrelatedness=E2=80=99. Your = example of a sequence of different pitches (though you don=E2=80=99t = mention timbre/harmonic content, or envelope structure) presumes = differences in the frequency domain, but similarity in other respects, = is that right?<o:p class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: = 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', = serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, = sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">So your findings might, = for argument=E2=80=99s sake, vary according to the degree of = interrelatedness (or at least, the degree of =E2=80=98similarity=E2=80=99 = along several dimensions).<o:p class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div = style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times = New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 11pt; = font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" = class=3D"">Similarly, if similarity were very high (i.e. identical =E2=80=93= a loop) =E2=80=93 the maximum temporal window might actually be the = maximum possible under any circumstances, speculatively.<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">In that context (=E2=80=98looping=E2=80=99),= my students, in an exercise to synthesise 10 minute spatial soundscapes = (in ambisonics) often try to get away with looping some ambient = background material of, say 2 mins. After repeated listening of the = whole piece, by the third time, the loops are very noticeable, to me = (and much to the students=E2=80=99 surprise). But that=E2=80=99s because = particular features are identical, the listener is accustomed to hearing = loops (even expecting them) and probably various other factors.<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">Whether this sheds any light on = interrelated-but-not-identical, I=E2=80=99ve no idea. But it=E2=80=99s = not very compatible with the =E2=80=98tape recorder=E2=80=99 metaphor, = and is more akin to an example of Cocktail Party Effect.<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">Regards<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">ppl<o:p class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div = style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times = New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 11pt; = font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" = class=3D""><o:p class=3D""> </o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: = 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', = serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, = sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">Dr. Peter Lennox<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">Senior Lecturer in Perception<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">College of Arts<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">University of Derby, UK<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">e:<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span><a = href=3D"mailto:p.lennox@xxxxxxxx" style=3D"color: rgb(149, 79, 114); = text-decoration: underline;" class=3D""><span style=3D"color: blue;" = class=3D"">p.lennox@xxxxxxxx</span></a><o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D"">t: 01332 593155<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D""><a = href=3D"https://derby.academia.edu/peterlennox" style=3D"color: rgb(149, = 79, 114); text-decoration: underline;" class=3D""><span style=3D"color: = blue;" class=3D"">https://derby.academia.edu/peterlennox</span></a><o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D""><a = href=3D"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Lennox" style=3D"color:= rgb(149, 79, 114); text-decoration: underline;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color: blue;" = class=3D"">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Lennox</span></a><o:= p class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: = rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=3D""><o:p = class=3D""> </o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm = 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" = class=3D""><b class=3D""><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size: 11pt; = font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=3D"">From:</span></b><span = lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, = sans-serif;" class=3D""><span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>AUDITORY - Research in = Auditory Perception [<a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" = style=3D"color: rgb(149, 79, 114); text-decoration: underline;" = class=3D"">mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a>]<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class=3D"">On Behalf = Of<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Dario = Sanfilippo<br class=3D""><b class=3D"">Sent:</b><span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>01 February 2017 14:40<br = class=3D""><b class=3D"">To:</b><span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span><a = href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" style=3D"color: rgb(149, 79, = 114); text-decoration: underline;" = class=3D"">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a><br class=3D""><b = class=3D"">Subject:</b><span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>Maximum temporal window for = pattern recognition and the perception of redundancy<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; = font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><o:p = class=3D""> </o:p></div><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div = class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; = font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" = class=3D"">Hello, dear list.<o:p class=3D""></o:p></span></div></div><div = class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; = font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" = class=3D""><o:p class=3D""> </o:p></span></div></div><div = class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; = font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=3D"">I = would like to ask you a couple of questions and I will be very grateful = if you could help me. It would be great to be pointed out to specific = publications, thank you so much in advance for that.<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: = 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', = serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, = sans-serif;" class=3D""><o:p = class=3D""> </o:p></span></div></div><div class=3D""><div = style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times = New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; = font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=3D"">The first question is on the = maximum temporal window for the recognition of patterns in long-term = audio events. Generally speaking, what is the largest (temporal) = distance between audio events so that we can still process such events = as interrelated? As an example, let's assume to have a sequence of = different pitches equally spaced in time; what is the largest possible = distance between them to still be able to perceive a melody?<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: = 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', = serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, = sans-serif;" class=3D""><o:p = class=3D""> </o:p></span></div></div><div class=3D""><div = style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times = New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; = font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=3D"">The second question is on = the perception of redundancy in relatively complex (i.e., dynamical = equilibrium) long-term audio events. As an example, think of the sound = of the sea: its internal structure is never the same although it keeps a = strong identity from a global point of view. I believe that this is = highly dependent on both the cultural background of the listener as well = as the degree of complexity of the audio event itself, but is there any = study which tries to relate the perception of redundancy (i.e., the = moment in which the listener's attention drops) with a specific temporal = window? And is there a connection or similarity between this window and = the one described in my first question?<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: = 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', = serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, = sans-serif;" class=3D""><o:p = class=3D""> </o:p></span></div></div><div class=3D""><div = style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times = New Roman', serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; = font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=3D"">Thank you and best = wishes.<o:p class=3D""></o:p></span></div></div><div style=3D"margin: = 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', = serif;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, = sans-serif;" class=3D""><br clear=3D"all" class=3D""></span><span = style=3D"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=3D""><o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div = class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div style=3D"margin: 0cm 0cm = 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" = class=3D""><span style=3D"font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, = sans-serif;" class=3D"">Dario<o:p = class=3D""></o:p></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></= div><br style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; = font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; = letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; = word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><br = style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: = 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: = 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline = !important;" class=3D"">The University of Derby has a published policy = regarding email and reserves the right to monitor email traffic.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br = style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: = 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: = 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline = !important;" class=3D"">If you believe this was sent to you in error, = please reply to the sender and let them know.</span><br = style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: = 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><br style=3D"font-family:= CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: = normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: = 0px;" class=3D""><span style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: = 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: = normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; = text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: = auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; = display: inline !important;" class=3D"">Key University contacts:<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a = href=3D"http://www.derby.ac.uk/its/contacts/" style=3D"color: rgb(149, = 79, 114); text-decoration: underline; font-family: CourierNewPSMT; = font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; = font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: = start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; = widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" = class=3D"">http://www.derby.ac.uk/its/contacts/</a><span = style=3D"font-family: CourierNewPSMT; font-size: 18px; font-style: = normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: = normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: = 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline = !important;" class=3D""></span></div></blockquote></div><br = class=3D""></body></html>= --Apple-Mail=_2CC9AB0E-74DB-42C1-A396-13D0FD80B982--