Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Hearing loss criteria for older adults From: Gaston Hilkhuysen <G.Hilkhuysen@xxxxxxxx> Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2017 11:48:07 +0100 List-Archive:<http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?LIST=AUDITORY>--f403045dd562046421055f9592ef Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Dear Arley, It surprises me somewhat that nobody mentioned ISO 7029: Acoustics - Statistical distribution of hearing thresholds as a function of age. That standard gives some idea of what amount of hearing loss could be considered as 'normal', given a certain age. E.g. Table C1 appears to show that 10% of males aged 70 have hearing thresholds at 8 kHz of 22 dB HL or below. Yours to decide whether these are is 'normal'. HTH Yours, -Gaston. @xxxxxxxx: Funny coincidence I just the paper you mentioned yesterday! On 4 December 2017 at 19:08, Chas Pavlovic <chas@xxxxxxxx> wrote: > Dear Arley, > > There is a very precise way to control for the audibility of sound. > Useful for both screening the potential subjects, as well as calculating > how much you may need to increase the sound level to make it audible. > This procedure forms one of the the basics of the SII protocol (ANSI S3.5 > 1997) and it is discussed in detail in the article Pavlovic, C.V. > "Derivation of primary parameters and procedures for use in speech > intelligibility predictions," JASA 1987. The article and the standard a= re > relatively complex, and you may want to resort to the following procedure > where the goal is to see where on the average across time the sound is > below or above threshold. If you are dealing with short impulsive stimul= i > the accuracy of the procedure may be compromised. > > A. In Table 4 of the Standard locate "Reference Internal Noise Spectrum > Level" for octave frequencies between 250 and 8000 Hz. These values > correspond to 0 dB HL. Call this value A. > B. Measure for each of the octaves the average dB SPL for your > environmental sounds using a sound level meter at the position of the > listener with the listener absent. Call this value B. (B-A is now how > much the sound is above the normal threshold). > C. Measure for each octave frequency the hearing loss of the person using > an audiometer. If the test you are doing is for binaural listening and t= he > sound is in front, use the better ear threshold. If the thresholds are > identical decrease the threshold you measured by 2 dB. If the sounds are > coming from all around the listener I strongly suggest you limit the test > to symmetrical hearing loss only and do not use the 2 dB correction. Cal= l > this value C. > > When you have these three values for each octave frequency, then the leve= l > of the Signal relative to the Actual Threshold is; (B - A) - C =3D B - A= - > C. > > For example at 1000 Hz: > > You will find in the Table 4, that the internal noise that corresponds to > 0 dB HL is: A =3D -12.5 dB SPL > You measure the environmental signal to be B =3D 25 dB SPL > You measure the Left and Right ear thresholds to be 30 dB HL. Since the= y > are identical, you will take the binaural threshold C =3D 30-2 =3D 28 dB = HL > > Now, B - A - C =3D 25 + 12.5 - 28 =3D 9.5 dB (not dB SPL). That is the = Sound > is 9.5 dB above the threshold. > > Normally, the sound is variable, and you may want some estimate of that > variability as well. > > > Best of luck. > > Chas > > Chas (Caslav, Chaslav) Pavlovic > > > > > > On Dec 3, 2017, at 17:36, Elaine Saunders <elaine.saunders@xxxxxxxx > BLAMEYSAUNDERS.COM.AU> wrote: > > Alternatively, use something like the Blamey Saunders SPT - ie speech > perception > Elaine > > On 2 December 2017 at 00:32, Christine Rankovic <rankovic@xxxxxxxx= m > > wrote: > >> Hi Arley: >> >> >> >> This is an excellent question. I don=E2=80=99t know of any printed guid= elines. >> >> >> >> Not all older listeners have hearing loss, therefore you could include >> only those older listeners with normal hearing. Or, you can have TWO >> groups of older listeners: one with normal hearing and one with mild >> hearing loss. In your study, I would recommend the latter due to your >> anticipation of audiogram effects. >> >> >> >> Also, beware that anyone that has thresholds at or just over 25 dB HL at >> more than a few audiometric test frequencies actually has significantly >> reduced hearing ability, even though that is a standard audiometric >> cutoff. Audiologists realize this, but non-audiologists usually don=E2= =80=99t. >> Try listening yourself with those little foam plugs in your ears. With >> those plugs, you probably still have hearing better than 25 dB at all >> frequencies but maybe you have 15-20 dB of loss at low frequencies. You= =E2=80=99ll >> find that it is very difficult to function with them in place. A better >> cutoff rule for your experiment might be something like: All >> normal-hearing listeners had audiometric thresholds within the normal ra= nge >> with the restriction that, for any individual listener, thresholds at no >> more than two test frequencies were permitted to exceed 20 dB HL. >> >> >> >> I hope this is helpful. >> >> >> >> Christine Rankovic >> >> >> >> >> >> *From:* AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception [mailto: >> AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx *On Behalf Of *Arley Schenker >> *Sent:* Thursday, November 30, 2017 2:26 PM >> *To:* AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx >> *Subject:* Hearing loss criteria for older adults >> >> >> >> Dear Auditory List, >> >> >> >> I am a master=E2=80=99s student working under Andrea Halpern at Bucknell >> University. We are running some auditory imagery studies with older (60-= 85 >> years) adults, and we are using audiometry to screen their hearing. Some= of >> the environmental sounds we are asking participants to imagine involve >> somewhat high frequencies. >> >> >> >> I understand that pure tone averages greater than 25 dB HL are considere= d >> to characterize hearing loss; however, as some hearing loss is expected >> with aging, I am wondering whether anyone can point me to some best >> practices or suggestions regarding the inclusion of older adults with >> slight hearing loss. It's not a psychophysical study, but the participan= ts >> do need to be able to hear and imagine the sounds reasonably accurately. >> >> >> >> Thanks in advance for your help, >> >> Arley Schenker >> >> > > > >> > > > > -- > > Dr Elaine Saunders BSc MSc(ClinAudiol) PhD GAICD GradDipMgt(Tech) > Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburn= e > University > > > Managing Director > T +61 3 9008 6371 / 1300 443 279 > M +61 (0) 400 670 421 > 364 Albert Street, > <https://maps.google.com/?q=3D364+Albert+Street,%C2%A0East+MelbourneVicto= ria+3002,+Australia&entry=3Dgmail&source=3Dg> > East Melbourne > <https://maps.google.com/?q=3D364+Albert+Street,%C2%A0East+MelbourneVicto= ria+3002,+Australia&entry=3Dgmail&source=3Dg> > Victoria 3002, Australia > <https://maps.google.com/?q=3D364+Albert+Street,%C2%A0East+MelbourneVicto= ria+3002,+Australia&entry=3Dgmail&source=3Dg> > www.blameysaunders.com.au > Skype: escalls32 > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A > > > > > --=20 Gaston Hilkhuysen UCL Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences room 302 Chandler House 2 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PF email: g.hilkhuysen@xxxxxxxx phone: +44 20 7679 4235 <+44%2020%207679%204235>(internal: 24235) --f403045dd562046421055f9592ef Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div><div><div>Dear Arley,<br><br></div>It surprises = me somewhat that nobody mentioned ISO 7029: Acoustics - Statistical distrib= ution of hearing thresholds as a function of age. That standard gives some = idea of what amount of hearing loss could be considered as 'normal'= , given a certain age. E.g. Table C1 appears to show that 10% of males aged= 70 have hearing thresholds at 8 kHz of 22 dB HL or below. Yours to decide = whether these are is 'normal'.<br><br></div>HTH<br></div><div>Yours= , <br></div><div><br></div>-Gaston.<br><br></div>@xxxxxxxx: Funny coincidence I= just the paper you mentioned yesterday!<br></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra= "><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On 4 December 2017 at 19:08, Chas Pavlovic= <span dir=3D"ltr"><<a href=3D"mailto:chas@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">cha= s@xxxxxxxx</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style= =3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div sty= le=3D"word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space">Dear Arley,<br><di= v><div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space"><di= v><div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word;line-break:after-white-space"><di= v><br></div><div>There is a very precise way to control for the audibility = of sound.=C2=A0 Useful for both screening the potential subjects, as well a= s calculating how much you may need to increase the sound level to make it = audible. =C2=A0</div><div>This procedure forms one of the the basics of the= SII protocol (ANSI S3.5 1997) and it is discussed in detail in the article= Pavlovic, C.V. "Derivation of primary parameters and procedures for u= se in speech intelligibility predictions," JASA 1987. =C2=A0 The artic= le and the standard are relatively complex, and you may want to resort to t= he following procedure where the goal is to see where on the average across= time the sound is below or above threshold.=C2=A0 If you are dealing with = short impulsive stimuli the accuracy of the procedure may be compromised. = =C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>A. In Table 4 of the Standard locate "= Reference Internal Noise Spectrum Level" for octave frequencies betwee= n 250 and 8000 Hz.=C2=A0 These values correspond to 0 dB HL. =C2=A0 =C2=A0C= all this value A.</div><div>B.=C2=A0 Measure for each of the octaves the av= erage dB SPL for your environmental sounds using a sound level meter at the= position of the listener with the listener absent.=C2=A0 Call this value B= . =C2=A0(B-A is now how much the sound is above the normal threshold).=C2= =A0</div><div>C. Measure for each octave frequency the hearing loss of the = person using an audiometer.=C2=A0 If the test you are doing is for binaural= listening and the sound is in front, use the better ear threshold.=C2=A0 I= f the thresholds are identical decrease the threshold you measured by 2 dB.= If the sounds are coming from all around the listener I strongly suggest y= ou limit the test to symmetrical hearing loss only and do not use the 2 dB = correction.=C2=A0 Call this value C.=C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>When yo= u have these three values for each octave frequency, then the level of the = Signal relative to the Actual Threshold is; =C2=A0(B - A) - C =3D B - A - C= .=C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>For example at 1000 Hz:</div><div><br></di= v><div>You will find in the Table 4, that the internal noise that correspon= ds to 0 dB HL is: =C2=A0A =3D -12.5 dB SPL</div><div>You measure the enviro= nmental signal to be B =3D 25 dB SPL=C2=A0</div><div>You measure the Left a= nd Right =C2=A0ear thresholds to be 30 dB HL.=C2=A0 Since they are identica= l, you will take the binaural threshold C =3D 30-2 =3D 28 dB HL</div><div><= br></div><div>Now, B - A - C =3D =C2=A025 + 12.5 - 28 =3D 9.5 dB (not dB SP= L).=C2=A0 That is the Sound is 9.5 dB above the threshold. =C2=A0</div><div= ><br></div><div>Normally, the sound is variable, and you may want some esti= mate of that variability as well.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>B= est of luck.</div><div><br></div><div>Chas</div><div><br></div><div>Chas (C= aslav, Chaslav) Pavlovic</div><div><div class=3D"h5"><div><br></div><div><b= r></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><br><blockquote type=3D"cit= e"><div>On Dec 3, 2017, at 17:36, Elaine Saunders <<a href=3D"mailto:ela= ine.saunders@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">elaine.saunders@xxxxxxxx<wbr>= BLAMEYSAUNDERS.COM.AU</a>> wrote:</div><br class=3D"m_-45410815269149591= 79Apple-interchange-newline"><div><div dir=3D"ltr">Alternatively, use somet= hing like the Blamey Saunders SPT - ie speech perception=C2=A0<div>Elaine</= div></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On 2 De= cember 2017 at 00:32, Christine Rankovic <span dir=3D"ltr"><<a href=3D"m= ailto:rankovic@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">rankovic@xxxxxxxx= m</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margi= n:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div link=3D"blue= " vlink=3D"purple" lang=3D"EN-US"><div class=3D"m_-4541081526914959179m_703= 5541550951029690WordSection1"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-si= ze:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f4= 97d">Hi Arley:<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style= =3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"= ;color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span= style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d">This is an excellent question.=C2=A0 I don=E2=80=99t = know of any printed guidelines.=C2=A0 <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"= MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",= "sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p cla= ss=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri&= quot;,"sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Not all older listeners have he= aring loss, therefore you could include only those older listeners with nor= mal hearing.=C2=A0 Or, you can have TWO groups of older listeners:=C2=A0 on= e with normal hearing and one with mild hearing loss.=C2=A0 In your study, = I would recommend the latter due to your anticipation of audiogram effects.= <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11= .0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">= <u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-s= ize:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f= 497d">Also, beware that anyone that has thresholds at or just over 25 dB HL= at more than a few audiometric test frequencies actually has significantly= reduced hearing ability, even though that is a standard audiometric cutoff= .=C2=A0 Audiologists realize this, but non-audiologists usually don=E2=80= =99t.=C2=A0 Try listening yourself with those little foam plugs in your ear= s.=C2=A0 With those plugs, you probably still have hearing better than 25 d= B at all frequencies but maybe you have 15-20 dB of loss at low frequencies= .=C2=A0 You=E2=80=99ll find that it is very difficult to function with them= in place.=C2=A0 A better cutoff rule for your experiment might be somethin= g like:=C2=A0 All normal-hearing listeners had audiometric thresholds withi= n the normal range with the restriction that, for any individual listener, = thresholds at no more than two test frequencies were permitted to exceed 20= dB HL. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font= -size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#= 1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style= =3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"= ;color:#1f497d">I hope this is helpful.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D= "MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri"= ,"sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p cl= ass=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri= ","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Christine Rankovic<u></u><u></= u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-fa= mily:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2= =A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt= ;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u><= /u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><div><div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid = #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span st= yle=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif&quo= t;">From:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahom= a","sans-serif""> AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception= [mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">AUDI= TORY@xxxxxxxx<wbr>CA</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Arley Schenker<br><b>Sen= t:</b> Thursday, November 30, 2017 2:26 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:= AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a><br= ><b>Subject:</b> Hearing loss criteria for older adults<u></u><u></u></span= ></p></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div name= =3D"messageBodySection"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:8.5= pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Dear Auditory List= , <u></u><u></u></span></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-= size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><u></u>=C2= =A0<u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-= size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">I am a mas= ter=E2=80=99s student working under Andrea Halpern at Bucknell University. = We are running some auditory imagery studies with older (60-85 years) adult= s, and we are using audiometry to screen their hearing. Some of the environ= mental sounds we are asking participants to imagine involve somewhat high f= requencies.<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span= style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span= style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;">I understand that pure tone averages greater than 25 dB HL are conside= red to characterize hearing loss; however, as some hearing loss is expected= with aging, I am wondering whether anyone can point me to some best practi= ces or suggestions regarding the inclusion of older adults with slight hear= ing loss. It's not a psychophysical study, but the participants do need= to be able to hear and imagine the sounds reasonably accurately.<u></u><u>= </u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:8= .5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><u></u>=C2=A0<u>= </u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:8= .5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Thanks in advanc= e for your help,<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">= <span style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-ser= if"">Arley Schenker<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><div name=3D"m= essageReplySection"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt"><= span style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-seri= f""><u></u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div= ></blockquote><div><br></div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><= div><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class= =3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padd= ing-left:1ex"><div link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple" lang=3D"EN-US"><div class= =3D"m_-4541081526914959179m_7035541550951029690WordSection1"><div name=3D"m= essageReplySection"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt"><= span style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-seri= f"">=C2=A0<u></u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br><= br clear=3D"all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class=3D"m_-4541081526914959179= gmail_signature" data-smartmail=3D"gmail_signature"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><= div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><di= v><span style=3D"color:rgb(0,0,102);text-transform:none;text-indent:0px;let= ter-spacing:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;font-size-adjust:non= e;font-stretch:normal"><font face=3D"tahoma,sans-serif"></font></span> </di= v><div><span style=3D"color:rgb(0,0,102);text-transform:none;text-indent:0p= x;letter-spacing:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;font-size-adjus= t:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face=3D"tahoma,sans-serif"></font></span>= =C2=A0</div><div><div style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.66= 6666984558105px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font color=3D"#339999">= <font size=3D"4">Dr Elaine Saunders=C2=A0</font></font><span style=3D"color= :rgb(51,153,153);font-size:small">BSc MSc(ClinAudiol) PhD GAICD GradDipMgt(= Tech)</span></div><div style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.6= 66666984558105px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=3D"color:rg= b(51,153,153);font-size:small">Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Science, Engin= eering & Technology, Swinburne University</span><span style=3D"font-siz= e:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"VAG Rounded LT Com Light",= sans-serif" lang=3D"EN-GB"></span><span style=3D"color:rgb(51,153,153);font= -size:small"><br></span></div><div style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;fo= 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e:12.6667px;color:rgb(17,85,204)">1300 443 279</a></div><div style=3D"font-= family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;background-color:rgb= (255,255,255)"><font color=3D"#666666">M=C2=A0<a value=3D"+61400670421" sty= le=3D"color:rgb(17,85,204)">+61 (0) 400 670 421</a></font></div><div style= =3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;background-= color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font color=3D"#666666"><a href=3D"https://maps.goo= gle.com/?q=3D364+Albert+Street,%C2%A0East+MelbourneVictoria+3002,+Australia= &entry=3Dgmail&source=3Dg">364 Albert Street,</a>=C2=A0<a href=3D"h= ttps://maps.google.com/?q=3D364+Albert+Street,%C2%A0East+MelbourneVictoria+= 3002,+Australia&entry=3Dgmail&source=3Dg">East Melbourne</a></font>= </div><div style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.6666669845581= 05px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font color=3D"#666666"><a href=3D"= https://maps.google.com/?q=3D364+Albert+Street,%C2%A0East+MelbourneVictoria= +3002,+Australia&entry=3Dgmail&source=3Dg">Victoria 3002, Australia= </a><br></font></div><div style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:1= 2.666666984558105px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font color=3D"#6666= 66"><a href=3D"http://www.blameysaunders.com.au/" style=3D"color:rgb(17,85,= 204)" target=3D"_blank">www.blameysaunders.com.au</a>=C2=A0<br></font></div= ><div style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;= background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=3D"color:rgb(102,102,102);fo= nt-size:12.6667px">Skype: escalls32</span><br></div></div><div style=3D"fon= t-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;background-color:r= gb(255,255,255)"><span style=3D"color:rgb(102,102,102);font-size:12.6667px"= ><br></span></div><div style=3D"background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><font co= lor=3D"#666666"><span style=3D"font-size:12.6667px"><a href=3D"https://www.= youtube.com/watch?v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A" target=3D"_blank">https://www.youtube.co= m/watch?<wbr>v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A</a></span></font><br></div><div><span style=3D= "color:rgb(0,0,102);text-transform:none;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:norm= al;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:n= ormal"><font face=3D"Tahoma"></font></span> </div></div></div></div></div><= /div></div></div></div> </div> </div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div>= </div></div><br></div></blockquote></div><br><br clear=3D"all"><br>-- <br><= div class=3D"gmail_signature" data-smartmail=3D"gmail_signature"><div dir= =3D"ltr"><div>Gaston Hilkhuysen<br>UCL Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Science= s<br>room 302<br>Chandler House<br>2 Wakefield Street<br>London WC1N 1PF<br= ><br>email: <a href=3D"mailto:g.hilkhuysen@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank">g.h= ilkhuysen@xxxxxxxx</a><br></div><div>phone: <a href=3D"tel:+44%2020%207679= %204235" target=3D"_blank">+44 20 7679 4235=C2=A0 </a>(internal: 24235)<br>= </div></div></div> </div> 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