Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Hearing loss criteria for older adults From: Chas Pavlovic <chas@xxxxxxxx> Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2017 10:08:53 -0800 List-Archive:<http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?LIST=AUDITORY>--Apple-Mail=_54303EFA-4165-4591-A025-6786E5A4E426 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Dear Arley, There is a very precise way to control for the audibility of sound. = Useful for both screening the potential subjects, as well as calculating = how much you may need to increase the sound level to make it audible. =20= This procedure forms one of the the basics of the SII protocol (ANSI = S3.5 1997) and it is discussed in detail in the article Pavlovic, C.V. = "Derivation of primary parameters and procedures for use in speech = intelligibility predictions," JASA 1987. The article and the standard = are relatively complex, and you may want to resort to the following = procedure where the goal is to see where on the average across time the = sound is below or above threshold. If you are dealing with short = impulsive stimuli the accuracy of the procedure may be compromised. =20 A. In Table 4 of the Standard locate "Reference Internal Noise Spectrum = Level" for octave frequencies between 250 and 8000 Hz. These values = correspond to 0 dB HL. Call this value A. B. Measure for each of the octaves the average dB SPL for your = environmental sounds using a sound level meter at the position of the = listener with the listener absent. Call this value B. (B-A is now how = much the sound is above the normal threshold).=20 C. Measure for each octave frequency the hearing loss of the person = using an audiometer. If the test you are doing is for binaural = listening and the sound is in front, use the better ear threshold. If = the thresholds are identical decrease the threshold you measured by 2 = dB. If the sounds are coming from all around the listener I strongly = suggest you limit the test to symmetrical hearing loss only and do not = use the 2 dB correction. Call this value C.=20 When you have these three values for each octave frequency, then the = level of the Signal relative to the Actual Threshold is; (B - A) - C =3D = B - A - C.=20 For example at 1000 Hz: You will find in the Table 4, that the internal noise that corresponds = to 0 dB HL is: A =3D -12.5 dB SPL You measure the environmental signal to be B =3D 25 dB SPL=20 You measure the Left and Right ear thresholds to be 30 dB HL. Since = they are identical, you will take the binaural threshold C =3D 30-2 =3D = 28 dB HL Now, B - A - C =3D 25 + 12.5 - 28 =3D 9.5 dB (not dB SPL). That is the = Sound is 9.5 dB above the threshold. =20 Normally, the sound is variable, and you may want some estimate of that = variability as well. Best of luck. Chas Chas (Caslav, Chaslav) Pavlovic > On Dec 3, 2017, at 17:36, Elaine Saunders = <elaine.saunders@xxxxxxxx = <mailto:elaine.saunders@xxxxxxxx>> wrote: >=20 > Alternatively, use something like the Blamey Saunders SPT - ie speech = perception=20 > Elaine >=20 > On 2 December 2017 at 00:32, Christine Rankovic = <rankovic@xxxxxxxx <mailto:rankovic@xxxxxxxx>> wrote: > Hi Arley: >=20 > =20 >=20 > This is an excellent question. I don=E2=80=99t know of any printed = guidelines.=20 >=20 > =20 >=20 > Not all older listeners have hearing loss, therefore you could include = only those older listeners with normal hearing. Or, you can have TWO = groups of older listeners: one with normal hearing and one with mild = hearing loss. In your study, I would recommend the latter due to your = anticipation of audiogram effects. >=20 > =20 >=20 > Also, beware that anyone that has thresholds at or just over 25 dB HL = at more than a few audiometric test frequencies actually has = significantly reduced hearing ability, even though that is a standard = audiometric cutoff. Audiologists realize this, but non-audiologists = usually don=E2=80=99t. Try listening yourself with those little foam = plugs in your ears. With those plugs, you probably still have hearing = better than 25 dB at all frequencies but maybe you have 15-20 dB of loss = at low frequencies. You=E2=80=99ll find that it is very difficult to = function with them in place. A better cutoff rule for your experiment = might be something like: All normal-hearing listeners had audiometric = thresholds within the normal range with the restriction that, for any = individual listener, thresholds at no more than two test frequencies = were permitted to exceed 20 dB HL. >=20 > =20 >=20 > I hope this is helpful. >=20 > =20 >=20 > Christine Rankovic >=20 > =20 >=20 > =20 >=20 > From: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception = [mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx>] On = Behalf Of Arley Schenker > Sent: Thursday, November 30, 2017 2:26 PM > To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx <mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx> > Subject: Hearing loss criteria for older adults >=20 > =20 >=20 > Dear Auditory List, >=20 > =20 >=20 > I am a master=E2=80=99s student working under Andrea Halpern at = Bucknell University. We are running some auditory imagery studies with = older (60-85 years) adults, and we are using audiometry to screen their = hearing. Some of the environmental sounds we are asking participants to = imagine involve somewhat high frequencies. >=20 > =20 >=20 > I understand that pure tone averages greater than 25 dB HL are = considered to characterize hearing loss; however, as some hearing loss = is expected with aging, I am wondering whether anyone can point me to = some best practices or suggestions regarding the inclusion of older = adults with slight hearing loss. It's not a psychophysical study, but = the participants do need to be able to hear and imagine the sounds = reasonably accurately. >=20 > =20 >=20 > Thanks in advance for your help, >=20 > Arley Schenker >=20 >=20 > =20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 > --=20 > =20 > Dr Elaine Saunders BSc MSc(ClinAudiol) PhD GAICD GradDipMgt(Tech) > Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, = Swinburne University >=20 >=20 > Managing Director=20 >=20 > T +61 3 9008 6371 /=C2=A0 <>1300 443 279 <> > M +61 (0) 400 670 421 <> > 364 Albert Street, East Melbourne > Victoria 3002, Australia > www.blameysaunders.com.au <http://www.blameysaunders.com.au/>=20 > Skype: escalls32 >=20 > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A = <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A> --Apple-Mail=_54303EFA-4165-4591-A025-6786E5A4E426 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 <html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; = charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D"">Dear = Arley,<br class=3D""><div><div class=3D""><div style=3D"word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div style=3D"word-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" = class=3D""><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">There is = a very precise way to control for the audibility of sound. Useful = for both screening the potential subjects, as well as calculating how = much you may need to increase the sound level to make it audible. = </div><div class=3D"">This procedure forms one of the the basics = of the SII protocol (ANSI S3.5 1997) and it is discussed in detail in = the article Pavlovic, C.V. "Derivation of primary parameters and = procedures for use in speech intelligibility predictions," JASA 1987. = The article and the standard are relatively complex, and you may = want to resort to the following procedure where the goal is to see where = on the average across time the sound is below or above threshold. = If you are dealing with short impulsive stimuli the accuracy of = the procedure may be compromised. </div><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">A. In Table 4 of the Standard locate = "Reference Internal Noise Spectrum Level" for octave frequencies between = 250 and 8000 Hz. These values correspond to 0 dB HL. = Call this value A.</div><div class=3D"">B. Measure for each = of the octaves the average dB SPL for your environmental sounds using a = sound level meter at the position of the listener with the listener = absent. Call this value B. (B-A is now how much the sound is = above the normal threshold). </div><div class=3D"">C. Measure for = each octave frequency the hearing loss of the person using an = audiometer. If the test you are doing is for binaural listening = and the sound is in front, use the better ear threshold. If the = thresholds are identical decrease the threshold you measured by 2 dB. If = the sounds are coming from all around the listener I strongly suggest = you limit the test to symmetrical hearing loss only and do not use the 2 = dB correction. Call this value C. </div><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">When you have these three values for = each octave frequency, then the level of the Signal relative to the = Actual Threshold is; (B - A) - C =3D B - A - C. </div><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">For example at 1000 = Hz:</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">You will = find in the Table 4, that the internal noise that corresponds to 0 dB HL = is: A =3D -12.5 dB SPL</div><div class=3D"">You measure the = environmental signal to be B =3D 25 dB SPL </div><div class=3D"">You = measure the Left and Right ear thresholds to be 30 dB HL. = Since they are identical, you will take the binaural threshold C =3D= 30-2 =3D 28 dB HL</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D"">Now, B - A - C =3D 25 + 12.5 - 28 =3D 9.5 dB (not dB = SPL). That is the Sound is 9.5 dB above the threshold. = </div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Normally,= the sound is variable, and you may want some estimate of that = variability as well.</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Best of luck.</div><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Chas</div><div = class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Chas (Caslav, Chaslav) = Pavlovic</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D"">On Dec = 3, 2017, at 17:36, Elaine Saunders <<a = href=3D"mailto:elaine.saunders@xxxxxxxx" = class=3D"">elaine.saunders@xxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:</div><br = class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D"">Alternatively, use something like the Blamey Saunders SPT - = ie speech perception <div class=3D"">Elaine</div></div><div = class=3D"gmail_extra"><br class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On 2 = December 2017 at 00:32, Christine Rankovic <span dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D""><<a href=3D"mailto:rankovic@xxxxxxxx" = target=3D"_blank" class=3D"">rankovic@xxxxxxxx</a>></span> = wrote:<br class=3D""><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 = 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div lang=3D"EN-US" = link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple" class=3D""><div = class=3D"m_7035541550951029690WordSection1"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D"">Hi Arley:<u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D"">This is an excellent question. I = don=E2=80=99t know of any printed guidelines. <u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D"">Not all older listeners have hearing = loss, therefore you could include only those older listeners with normal = hearing. Or, you can have TWO groups of older listeners: one = with normal hearing and one with mild hearing loss. In your study, = I would recommend the latter due to your anticipation of audiogram = effects.<u class=3D""></u><u class=3D""></u></span></p><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D"">Also, beware that anyone that has = thresholds at or just over 25 dB HL at more than a few audiometric test = frequencies actually has significantly reduced hearing ability, even = though that is a standard audiometric cutoff. Audiologists realize = this, but non-audiologists usually don=E2=80=99t. Try listening = yourself with those little foam plugs in your ears. With those = plugs, you probably still have hearing better than 25 dB at all = frequencies but maybe you have 15-20 dB of loss at low = frequencies. You=E2=80=99ll find that it is very difficult to = function with them in place. A better cutoff rule for your = experiment might be something like: All normal-hearing listeners = had audiometric thresholds within the normal range with the restriction = that, for any individual listener, thresholds at no more than two test = frequencies were permitted to exceed 20 dB HL. <u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D"">I hope this is helpful.<u = class=3D""></u><u class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D"">Christine Rankovic<u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif= ";color:#1f497d" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p><div class=3D""><div = style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in = 0in 0in" class=3D""><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif&= quot;" class=3D"">From:</span></b><span = style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif&= quot;" class=3D""> AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception [mailto:<a = href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx<wbr class=3D"">CA</a>] <b class=3D"">On = Behalf Of </b>Arley Schenker<br class=3D""><b class=3D"">Sent:</b> = Thursday, November 30, 2017 2:26 PM<br class=3D""><b class=3D"">To:</b> = <a href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</a><br class=3D""><b = class=3D"">Subject:</b> Hearing loss criteria for older adults<u = class=3D""></u><u class=3D""></u></span></p></div></div><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><u class=3D""></u> <u class=3D""></u></p><div = name=3D"messageBodySection" class=3D""><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D"">Dear Auditory List, <u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p><div class=3D""><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div><div class=3D""><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D"">I am a master=E2=80=99s student working under Andrea = Halpern at Bucknell University. We are running some auditory imagery = studies with older (60-85 years) adults, and we are using audiometry to = screen their hearing. Some of the environmental sounds we are asking = participants to imagine involve somewhat high frequencies.<u = class=3D""></u><u class=3D""></u></span></p></div><div class=3D""><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div><div class=3D""><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D"">I understand that pure tone averages greater than 25 dB = HL are considered to characterize hearing loss; however, as some hearing = loss is expected with aging, I am wondering whether anyone can point me = to some best practices or suggestions regarding the inclusion of older = adults with slight hearing loss. It's not a psychophysical study, but = the participants do need to be able to hear and imagine the sounds = reasonably accurately.<u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div><div class=3D""><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D""><u class=3D""></u> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div><div class=3D""><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D"">Thanks in advance for your help,<u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div><div class=3D""><p = class=3D"MsoNormal"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D"">Arley Schenker<u class=3D""></u><u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div></div><div name=3D"messageReplySection" = class=3D""><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D""><u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div= ></blockquote><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div><br class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div = class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div = class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 = 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div lang=3D"EN-US" = link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple" class=3D""><div = class=3D"m_7035541550951029690WordSection1"><div = name=3D"messageReplySection" class=3D""><p class=3D"MsoNormal" = style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span = style=3D"font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif&qu= ot;" class=3D""> <u = class=3D""></u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br = class=3D""><br clear=3D"all" class=3D""><div class=3D""><br = class=3D""></div>-- <br class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_signature" = data-smartmail=3D"gmail_signature"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div = class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(0,0,102);text-transform:none;text-indent:0px;letter-spa= cing:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font= -stretch:normal" class=3D""><font face=3D"tahoma,sans-serif" = class=3D""></font></span> </div><div class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(0,0,102);text-transform:none;text-indent:0px;letter-spa= cing:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font= -stretch:normal" class=3D""><font face=3D"tahoma,sans-serif" = class=3D""></font></span> </div><div class=3D""><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><font color=3D"#339999" = class=3D""><font size=3D"4" class=3D"">Dr Elaine = Saunders </font></font><span = style=3D"color:rgb(51,153,153);font-size:small" class=3D"">BSc = MSc(ClinAudiol) PhD GAICD GradDipMgt(Tech)</span></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(51,153,153);font-size:small" class=3D"">Adjunct = Professor, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne = University</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB" = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"VAG Rounded = LT Com Light",sans-serif" class=3D""></span><span = style=3D"color:rgb(51,153,153);font-size:small" class=3D""><br = class=3D""></span></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(51,153,153);font-size:small" class=3D""><br = class=3D""></span></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><span lang=3D"EN-GB" = style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"VAG Rounded = LT Com Light",sans-serif" class=3D""><br class=3D""></span></div><div= style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" = class=3D""><font color=3D"#339999" size=3D"4" class=3D"">Managing = Director </font></div><img = src=3D"http://archive.blameysaunders.com.au/BSH_sig.jpg" = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D"">T <a value=3D"+61390086371" style=3D"color:rgb(17,85,204)"= class=3D"">+61 3 9008 6371 / </a></font><a value=3D"+61390086371" = style=3D"font-size:12.6667px;color:rgb(17,85,204)" class=3D"">1300 443 = 279</a></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D"">M <a value=3D"+61400670421" style=3D"color:rgb(17,85,204)"= class=3D"">+61 (0) 400 670 421</a></font></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D"">364 Albert Street, East Melbourne</font></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D"">Victoria 3002, Australia<br class=3D""></font></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" = class=3D""><a href=3D"http://www.blameysaunders.com.au/" = style=3D"color:rgb(17,85,204)" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">www.blameysaunders.com.au</a> <br = class=3D""></font></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(102,102,102);font-size:12.6667px" class=3D"">Skype: = escalls32</span><br class=3D""></div></div><div = style=3D"font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px;backg= round-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(102,102,102);font-size:12.6667px" class=3D""><br = class=3D""></span></div><div style=3D"background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" = class=3D""><font color=3D"#666666" class=3D""><span = style=3D"font-size:12.6667px" class=3D""><a = href=3D"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A" target=3D"_blank" = class=3D"">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DzaQBXPk7y4A</a></span></font>= <br class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><span = style=3D"color:rgb(0,0,102);text-transform:none;text-indent:0px;letter-spa= cing:normal;word-spacing:0px;white-space:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font= -stretch:normal" class=3D""><font face=3D"Tahoma" = class=3D""></font></span> = </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div></blockquote></div><br class=3D""></div></div></div></div><br = class=3D""></div></div></div><br class=3D""></body></html>= --Apple-Mail=_54303EFA-4165-4591-A025-6786E5A4E426--
