Re: AUDITORY Digest - 13 Sep 2011 to 14 Sep 2011 (#2011-208) (Andy Sabin )


Subject: Re: AUDITORY Digest - 13 Sep 2011 to 14 Sep 2011 (#2011-208)
From:    Andy Sabin  <a-sabin@xxxxxxxx>
Date:    Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:52:18 -0500
List-Archive:<http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?LIST=AUDITORY>

--0015175caa2c4581a104acff6075 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Hi Margaret, You might take a look at this attempt at using video games to treat tinnitus: www.ear-machine.com/Tinnitus.html We don't have any real data yet, but are on the brink of starting a real investigation. Best, Andy Sabin On Wed, Sep 14, 2011 at 11:41 PM, AUDITORY automatic digest system < LISTSERV@xxxxxxxx> wrote: > There is 1 message totalling 276 lines in this issue. > > Topics of the day: > > 1. Treating subjective tinnitus with cortical remapping? > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2011 21:15:09 -0700 > From: Margaret Mortz <mmortz@xxxxxxxx> > Subject: Treating subjective tinnitus with cortical remapping? > > --0016363b7b567e036f04acdf01ad > Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252 > Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable > > Recent research indicates some types of subjective tinniutus can be treated > with methods to enhance cortical remapping to compensate for missing inputs > from cochlear damage. The premise is that neurons in the auditory cortex > lose their inhibition when they lose sensory inputs. A possible remedy is > to reorganize the neurons to become sensitive to other inputs. Is anyone > familiar with methods to retrain the brain to compensate for missing > inputs= > , > such as auditory discrimination training? How much of it can be done via > interactions with computer programs? > > I was wondering if some type of app for a smartphone would be effective > for cortical remapping training to reduce tinnitus, under the supervision > of some type of expert? I don't know what kind of expert that would be > sinc= > e > it is the interface of hearing and psychology, with computer-aided-therapy. > (However, I doubt other types of tinnitus would be affected by cortical > remapping; e.g., tinnitus caused by cerebrovascular disease. ) > > Here is some background material to the question about retraining the brain > to reduce tinnitus. > > 1. > S. Yang, B. D. Weiner, L. S. Zhang, S.-J. Cho, S. Bao. *Homeostatic > plasticity drives tinnitus perception in an animal model*. *Proceedings of > the National Academy of Sciences*, 2011; 108 (36): 14974 DOI: > 10.1073/pnas.1107998108 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107998108> > > As reported in > http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110912144247.ht= > m > > "Bao's experiments in rats with induced hearing loss explain why the > neuron= > s > in the auditory cortex generate these phantom perceptions. They showed that > neurons that have lost sensory input from the ear become more excitable and > fire spontaneously, primarily because these nerves have "homeostatic" > mechanisms to keep their overall firing rate constant no matter what. > > "With the loss of hearing, you have phantom sounds," said Bao, who himself > has tinnitus. In this respect, tinnitus resembles phantom limb pain > experienced by many amputees, > > One treatment strategy, then, is to retrain patients so that these brain > cells get new input, which should reduce spontaneous firing. This can be > done by enhancing the response to frequencies near the lost frequencies. > Experiments over the past 30 years, including important research by > Merzenich, have shown that the brain is plastic enough to reorganize in > thi= > s > way when it loses sensory input. When a finger is amputated, for example, > the region of the brain receiving input from that finger may start handling > input from neighboring fingers > > " > > The above research is consistent with: > > 2. > J. W. Middleton, T. Kiritani, C. Pedersen, J. G. Turner, G. M. G. Shepherd, > T. Tzounopoulos. *Mice with behavioral evidence of tinnitus exhibit dorsal > cochlear nucleus hyperactivity because of decreased GABAergic > inhibition*. *Proceedings > of the National Academy of Sciences*, 2011; DOI: > 10.1073/pnas.1100223108<http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100223108> > " > > Also, > 3. > > Carlos Herraiz < > http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DCarlos+Herrai= > z>, > I. Diges <http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DI.+Diges>, P. > Cobo<http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DP.+Cobo>, > J. M. Aparicio < > http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DJ.+M.+Aparici= > o>and > A. > Toledano <http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DA.+Toledano>. > *Auditory discrimination training for tinnitus treatment: the effect of > different paradigms * > European Archives of > Oto-Rhino-Laryngology<http://www.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/> > Volume 267, Number 7 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/267/7/ > >= > , > 1067-1074, DOI:10.1007/s00405-009-1182-6 > > > 4. The physical analog to this type of tinnitus is phantom limb pain, which > can be treated cognitively to a certain extent. > > Scholar.google.com 143 citations of > Herta Flor Prof > PhDa< > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#aff= > 1>, > [image: Corresponding Author Contact > Information]< > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004= > 890X#cor1>, > [image: E-mail The Corresponding Author] <flor@xxxxxxxx>, > Claudia Denke PhDb, Michael Schaefer Dipl-psycha, Sabine Gr=FCsser > PhDb< > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#aff= > 2> > > Lancet, Volume 357, Issue > 9270< > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=3DPublicationURL&_hubEid=3D1-= > > s2.0-S0140673600X02437&_cid=3D271074&_pubType=3DJL&view=3Dc&_auth=3Dy&_acct= > > =3DC000228598&_version=3D1&_urlVersion=3D0&_userid=3D10&md5=3D52dc5bb821f66= > 2bd343781058bab229b>, > 2 June 2001, Pages 1763-1764 > > *"Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and > phantom limb pain."* > > > 5. Even a mirror technique can help with phantom limb pain. > *http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927* > > 6. Review of tinnitus > J Clin Neurol. 2009 March; 5(1): 11=9619. > Published online 2009 March 31. doi: > 10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.11<http://dx.crossref.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2009.5.1.11> > Copyright <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.html>=A9 2009 > Korean Neurological Association > *Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments* > Byung In Han, MD,[image: corresponding author]a Ho Won Lee, MD,b Tae You > Kim, MD,c Jun Seong Lim, MD,d and Kyoung Sik Shin, MDe > > Margaret Mortz > > --0016363b7b567e036f04acdf01ad > Content-Type: text/html; charset=windows-1252 > Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable > > <div>Recent research indicates some types of subjective=A0tinniutus can be > = > treated with methods to enhance cortical remapping to compensate for > missin= > g inputs from cochlear damage.=A0The premise is that neurons in the > auditor= > y cortex lose their inhibition when they lose sensory inputs.=A0=A0A > =A0pos= > sible remedy is to reorganize the neurons to become sensitive to other > inpu= > ts.=A0 =A0Is anyone familiar with methods to retrain the brain to > compensat= > e for missing inputs, such as auditory=A0discrimination training?=A0 How > mu= > ch of it can be done via interactions with computer programs?</div> > <div><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle">=A0</div><div > class=3D"articleTitl= > e svTitle">I was wondering if some type of app for a smartphone would be > ef= > fective for=A0cortical remapping training=A0to reduce tinnitus, =A0under > th= > e supervision of some type of expert? I don&#39;t know what kind of > expert= > that would be since it is the interface of hearing and psychology, with > co= > mputer-aided-therapy. <div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle"> > </div><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle">(However, I doubt other types > of= > tinnitus would be affected by cortical remapping; e.g., tinnitus caused > by= > cerebrovascular disease. )</div></div><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle"> > =A0</div><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle">Here is some background > materi= > al to the question about retraining the brain to reduce > tinnitus.</div></di= > v><div>=A0</div><div><div>1. </div><div>S. Yang, B. D. Weiner, L. S. > Zhang,= > S.-J. Cho, S. Bao. <strong>Homeostatic plasticity drives tinnitus > percepti= > on in an animal model</strong>. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of > = > Sciences</em>, 2011; 108 (36): 14974 DOI: <a href=3D" > http://dx.doi.org/10.1= > 073/pnas.1107998108" rel=3D"nofollow" > target=3D"_blank">10.1073/pnas.110799= > 8108</a></div> > <div>=A0</div><div>As reported in <a href=3D" > http://www.sciencedaily.com/re= > leases/2011/09/110912144247.htm"> > http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/= > 09/110912144247.htm</a></div></div><div><p>&quot;Bao&#39;s experiments in > r= > ats with induced hearing loss explain why the neurons in the auditory > corte= > x generate these phantom perceptions. They showed that neurons that have > lo= > st sensory input from the ear become more excitable and fire > spontaneously,= > primarily because these nerves have &quot;homeostatic&quot; mechanisms to > = > keep their overall firing rate constant no matter what.</p> > <p>&quot;With the loss of hearing, you have phantom sounds,&quot; said > Bao,= > who himself has tinnitus. In this respect, tinnitus resembles phantom > limb= > pain experienced by many amputees,</p><p>One treatment strategy, then, is > = > to retrain patients so that these brain cells get new input, which should > r= > educe spontaneous firing. This can be done by enhancing the response to > fre= > quencies near the lost frequencies. Experiments over the past 30 years, > inc= > luding important research by Merzenich, have shown that the brain is > plasti= > c enough to reorganize in this way when it loses sensory input. When a > fing= > er is amputated, for example, the region of the brain receiving input from > = > that finger may start handling input from neighboring fingers</p> > </div><div>=A0</div><div>&quot;</div><div>=A0</div><div>The above research > = > is consistent with:</div><div>=A0</div><div>2.</div><div>J. W. Middleton, > T= > . Kiritani, C. Pedersen, J. G. Turner, G. M. G. Shepherd, T. Tzounopoulos. > = > <strong>Mice with behavioral evidence of tinnitus exhibit dorsal cochlear > n= > ucleus hyperactivity because of decreased GABAergic inhibition</strong>. > <e= > m>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>, 2011; DOI: <a href= > =3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100223108" rel=3D"nofollow" > target=3D"_= > blank">10.1073/pnas.1100223108</a>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 > &= > quot;</div> > <div>=A0</div><div>Also, </div><div>3.</div><p class=3D"authors"><a title= > =3D"View content where Author is Carlos Herraiz" href=3D" > http://www.springe= > rlink.com/content/?Author=3DCarlos+Herraiz">Carlos Herraiz</a>, <a > title=3D= > "View content where Author is I. Diges" href=3D" > http://www.springerlink.com= > /content/?Author=3DI.+Diges">I. Diges</a>, <a title=3D"View content where > A= > uthor is P. Cobo" href=3D" > http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DP.+= > Cobo">P. Cobo</a>, <a title=3D"View content where Author is J. M. > Aparicio= > " href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DJ.+M.+Aparicio">J. > = > M. Aparicio</a> and <a title=3D"View content where Author is A. Toledano" > h= > ref=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3DA.+Toledano">A. > Toleda= > no</a>.</p> > <div><strong>Auditory discrimination training for tinnitus treatment: the > e= > ffect of different paradigms </strong></div><div><div > class=3D"primary"><a= > lang=3D"en" title=3D"Link to the Journal of this Article" href=3D" > http://w= > ww.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/">European Archives of > Oto-Rhino-Lary= > ngology</a> </div> > <div class=3D"secondary"><a lang=3D"en" title=3D"Link to the Issue of this > = > Article" href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/267/7/ > ">Volu= > me 267, Number 7</a>, <span class=3D"pagination">1067-1074</span><span > clas= > s=3D"doi">, <span class=3D"label">DOI:</span><span > class=3D"value">10.1007/= > s00405-009-1182-6</span></span></div> > </div><div>=A0</div><div>=A0</div><div>4. The physical analog to this type > = > of tinnitus is phantom limb pain, which can be treated cognitively to a > cer= > tain extent.</div><div>=A0</div><div><a href=3D"http://Scholar.google.com > ">= > Scholar.google.com</a> =A0143 citations of </div> > <div>Herta Flor Prof PhD<a href=3D" > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art= > icle/pii/S014067360004890X#aff1" name=3D"baff1"><sup><font > size=3D"2">a</fo= > nt></sup></a><sup><font size=3D"2">, </font></sup><a href=3D" > http://www.sci= > encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#cor1" > name=3D"bcor1"><= > a style=3D"font-size: smaller; vertical-align: super;" href=3D" > http://www.s= > ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#cor1"><font > size=3D"= > 2"><img style=3D"vertical-align: top;" title=3D"Corresponding Author > Contac= > t Information" border=3D"0" alt=3D"Corresponding Author Contact > Information= > " src=3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REcor.gif > "></font>= > </a><sup><font size=3D"2">, </font></sup><a href=3D"mailto: > flor@xxxxxxxx= > nnheim.de"><sup><font size=3D"2"><img title=3D"E-mail The Corresponding > Aut= > hor" border=3D"0" alt=3D"E-mail The Corresponding Author" src=3D" > http://www= > .sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REemail.gif"></font></sup></a><a > name= > =3D"b"></a>, Claudia Denke PhD<a><sup><font size=3D"2">b</font></sup></a>, > = > Michael Schaefer Dipl-psych<a><sup><font size=3D"2">a</font></sup></a>, > Sab= > ine Gr=FCsser PhD<a href=3D" > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi= > i/S014067360004890X#aff2" name=3D"baff2"><sup><font > size=3D"2">b</font></su= > p></a></a></div> > <div>=A0</div><div>Lancet, <a href=3D" > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?= > > _ob=3DPublicationURL&amp;_hubEid=3D1-s2.0-S0140673600X02437&amp;_cid=3D2710= > > 74&amp;_pubType=3DJL&amp;view=3Dc&amp;_auth=3Dy&amp;_acct=3DC000228598&amp;= > > _version=3D1&amp;_urlVersion=3D0&amp;_userid=3D10&amp;md5=3D52dc5bb821f662b= > d343781058bab229b">Volume 357, Issue 9270</a>, 2 June 2001, Pages > 1763-1764= > =A0 </div> > <div>=A0</div><div><div class=3D"articleTitle > svTitle"><strong>&quot;Effect= > of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom > = > limb pain.&quot;</strong></div><div class=3D"articleTitle > svTitle">=A0</div= > ><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle"> > =A0</div><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle">5. Even a mirror technique > can= > help with phantom limb pain.=A0 </div><div class=3D"articleTitle > svTitle">= > <strong><a href=3D"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927 > ">http:/= > /www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927</a></strong></div> > <div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle">=A0</div><div class=3D"articleTitle > svT= > itle">=A06. Review of tinnitus</div><div class=3D"articleTitle > svTitle"><di= > v><div><span class=3D"citation-version"></span><span > class=3D"citation-abbr= > eviation">J Clin Neurol. </span><span > class=3D"citation-publication-date">2= > 009 March; </span><span class=3D"citation-volume">5</span><span > class=3D"ci= > tation-issue">(1)</span><span class=3D"citation-flpages">: 11=9619. > </span>= > </div> > <div><span class=3D"fm-vol-iss-date">Published online 2009 March 31. > </span= > ><span class=3D"fm-vol-iss-date"> </span><span > class=3D"fm-vol-iss-date">do= > i: <a class=3D"ref-extlink" href=3D" > http://dx.crossref.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2= > 009.5.1.11" target=3D"pmc_ext">10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.11</a></span></div> > <div><span class=3D"fm-vol-iss-date"><div class=3D"fm-copyright"><a class= > =3D"int-reflink" href=3D" > http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.ht= > ml">Copyright</a>=A9 2009 Korean Neurological Association</div><div class= > =3D"fm-title"> > <strong>Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and > Treatments</stro= > ng></div><div class=3D"contrib-group fm-author">Byung In Han, MD,<sup><img > = > alt=3D"corresponding author" src=3D" > http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pm= > c/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif"></sup><font size=3D"2"><sup>a</sup> Ho Won Lee, > MD,= > <sup>b</sup> Tae You Kim, MD,<sup>c</sup> Jun Seong Lim, MD,<sup>d</sup> > an= > d Kyoung Sik Shin, MD<sup>e</sup></font></div> > </span></div><div><span > class=3D"fm-vol-iss-date"></span>=A0</div></div></d= > iv><div class=3D"articleTitle svTitle">Margaret Mortz</div></div> > > --0016363b7b567e036f04acdf01ad-- > > ------------------------------ > > End of AUDITORY Digest - 13 Sep 2011 to 14 Sep 2011 (#2011-208) > *************************************************************** > --0015175caa2c4581a104acff6075 Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi=A0<span class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-family: arial, sans-ser= if; font-size: 13px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Margaret,</spa= n><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, sans-serif"><br></fo= nt></div> <div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, sans-serif">You might = take a look at this attempt at using video games to treat tinnitus:<br></fo= nt></div><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, sans-serif"><= br></font></div> <div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, sans-serif"><a href=3D= "http://www.ear-machine.com/Tinnitus.html">www.ear-machine.com/Tinnitus.htm= l</a><br></font></div><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, = sans-serif"><br> </font></div><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, sans-seri= f">We don&#39;t have any real data yet, but are on the brink of starting a = real investigation.=A0</font></div><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" fa= ce=3D"arial, sans-serif"><br> </font></div><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, sans-seri= f">Best,</font></div><div><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"arial, s= ans-serif">Andy Sabin</font></div><div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div= ><div class=3D"gmail_quote"> <br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Wed, Sep 14, 2011 at 11:41 PM, AUDI= TORY automatic digest system <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:LISTSE= RV@xxxxxxxx">LISTSERV@xxxxxxxx</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><bloc= kquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #cc= c solid;padding-left:1ex;"> There is 1 message totalling 276 lines in this issue.<br> <br> Topics of the day:<br> <br> =A01. Treating subjective tinnitus with cortical remapping?<br> <br> ----------------------------------------------------------------------<br> <br> Date: =A0 =A0Tue, 13 Sep 2011 21:15:09 -0700<br> From: =A0 =A0Margaret Mortz &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:mmortz@xxxxxxxx">mmortz@xxxxxxxx= GMAIL.COM</a>&gt;<br> Subject: Treating subjective tinnitus with cortical remapping?<br> <br> --0016363b7b567e036f04acdf01ad<br> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dwindows-1252<br> Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable<br> <br> Recent research indicates some types of subjective tinniutus can be treated= <br> with methods to enhance cortical remapping to compensate for missing inputs= <br> from cochlear damage. The premise is that neurons in the auditory cortex<br= > lose their inhibition when they lose sensory inputs. =A0A =A0possible remed= y is<br> to reorganize the neurons to become sensitive to other inputs. =A0 Is anyon= e<br> familiar with methods to retrain the brain to compensate for missing inputs= =3D<br> ,<br> such as auditory discrimination training? =A0How much of it can be done via= <br> interactions with computer programs?<br> <br> I was wondering if some type of app for a smartphone would be effective<br> for cortical remapping training to reduce tinnitus, =A0under the supervisio= n<br> of some type of expert? I don&#39;t know what kind of expert that would be = sinc=3D<br> e<br> it is the interface of hearing and psychology, with computer-aided-therapy.= <br> (However, I doubt other types of tinnitus would be affected by cortical<br> remapping; e.g., tinnitus caused by cerebrovascular disease. )<br> <br> Here is some background material to the question about retraining the brain= <br> to reduce tinnitus.<br> <br> 1.<br> S. Yang, B. D. Weiner, L. S. Zhang, S.-J. Cho, S. Bao. *Homeostatic<br> plasticity drives tinnitus perception in an animal model*. *Proceedings of<= br> the National Academy of Sciences*, 2011; 108 (36): 14974 DOI:<br> 10.1073/pnas.1107998108 &lt;<a href=3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.11079= 98108" target=3D"_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107998108</a>&gt;<= br> <br> As reported in <a href=3D"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/1109= 12144247.ht=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011= /09/110912144247.ht=3D</a><br> m<br> <br> &quot;Bao&#39;s experiments in rats with induced hearing loss explain why t= he neuron=3D<br> s<br> in the auditory cortex generate these phantom perceptions. They showed that= <br> neurons that have lost sensory input from the ear become more excitable and= <br> fire spontaneously, primarily because these nerves have &quot;homeostatic&q= uot;<br> mechanisms to keep their overall firing rate constant no matter what.<br> <br> &quot;With the loss of hearing, you have phantom sounds,&quot; said Bao, wh= o himself<br> has tinnitus. In this respect, tinnitus resembles phantom limb pain<br> experienced by many amputees,<br> <br> One treatment strategy, then, is to retrain patients so that these brain<br= > cells get new input, which should reduce spontaneous firing. This can be<br= > done by enhancing the response to frequencies near the lost frequencies.<br= > Experiments over the past 30 years, including important research by<br> Merzenich, have shown that the brain is plastic enough to reorganize in thi= =3D<br> s<br> way when it loses sensory input. When a finger is amputated, for example,<b= r> the region of the brain receiving input from that finger may start handling= <br> input from neighboring fingers<br> <br> &quot;<br> <br> The above research is consistent with:<br> <br> 2.<br> J. W. Middleton, T. Kiritani, C. Pedersen, J. G. Turner, G. M. G. Shepherd,= <br> T. Tzounopoulos. *Mice with behavioral evidence of tinnitus exhibit dorsal<= br> cochlear nucleus hyperactivity because of decreased GABAergic<br> inhibition*. *Proceedings<br> of the National Academy of Sciences*, 2011; DOI:<br> 10.1073/pnas.1100223108&lt;<a href=3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.110022= 3108" target=3D"_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100223108</a>&gt;<b= r> &quot;<br> <br> Also,<br> 3.<br> <br> Carlos Herraiz &lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author= =3D3DCarlos+Herrai=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/conten= t/?Author=3D3DCarlos+Herrai=3D</a><br> z&gt;,<br> I. Diges &lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DI.+= Diges" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DI.= +Diges</a>&gt;, P.<br> Cobo&lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DP.+Cobo"= target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DP.+Cobo<= /a>&gt;,<br> J. M. Aparicio &lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author= =3D3DJ.+M.+Aparici=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/conten= t/?Author=3D3DJ.+M.+Aparici=3D</a><br> o&gt;and<br> A.<br> Toledano &lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DA.+= Toledano" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3= DA.+Toledano</a>&gt;.<br> *Auditory discrimination training for tinnitus treatment: the effect of<br> different paradigms *<br> European Archives of<br> Oto-Rhino-Laryngology&lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/093= 7-4477/" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/</= a>&gt;<br> Volume 267, Number 7 &lt;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/093= 7-4477/267/7/" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/0937-4= 477/267/7/</a>&gt;=3D<br> ,<br> 1067-1074, DOI:10.1007/s00405-009-1182-6<br> <br> <br> 4. The physical analog to this type of tinnitus is phantom limb pain, which= <br> can be treated cognitively to a certain extent.<br> <br> <a href=3D"http://Scholar.google.com" target=3D"_blank">Scholar.google.com<= /a> =A0143 citations of<br> Herta Flor Prof<br> PhDa&lt;<a href=3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067= 360004890X#aff=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a= rticle/pii/S014067360004890X#aff=3D</a><br> 1&gt;,<br> [image: Corresponding Author Contact<br> Information]&lt;<a href=3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii= /S014067360004=3D 890X#cor1" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p= ii/S014067360004=3D<br> 890X#cor1</a>&gt;,<br> [image: E-mail The Corresponding Author] &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:flor@xxxxxxxx= i-mannheim.de">flor@xxxxxxxx</a>&gt;,<br> Claudia Denke PhDb, Michael Schaefer Dipl-psycha, Sabine Gr=3DFCsser<br> PhDb&lt;<a href=3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067= 360004890X#aff=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a= rticle/pii/S014067360004890X#aff=3D</a><br> 2&gt;<br> <br> Lancet, Volume 357, Issue<br> 9270&lt;<a href=3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=3D3DPublication= URL&amp;_hubEid=3D3D1-=3D s2.0-S0140673600X02437&amp;_cid=3D3D271074&amp;_pubType=3D3DJL&amp;view=3D3= Dc&amp;_auth=3D3Dy&amp;_acct=3D =3D3DC000228598&amp;_version=3D3D1&amp;_urlVersion=3D3D0&amp;_userid=3D3D10= &amp;md5=3D3D52dc5bb821f66=3D 2bd343781058bab229b" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science= ?_ob=3D3DPublicationURL&amp;_hubEid=3D3D1-=3D<br> s2.0-S0140673600X02437&amp;_cid=3D3D271074&amp;_pubType=3D3DJL&amp;view=3D3= Dc&amp;_auth=3D3Dy&amp;_acct=3D<br> =3D3DC000228598&amp;_version=3D3D1&amp;_urlVersion=3D3D0&amp;_userid=3D3D10= &amp;md5=3D3D52dc5bb821f66=3D<br> 2bd343781058bab229b</a>&gt;,<br> 2 June 2001, Pages 1763-1764<br> <br> *&quot;Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation= and<br> phantom limb pain.&quot;*<br> <br> <br> 5. Even a mirror technique can help with phantom limb pain.<br> *<a href=3D"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927*" target=3D"_b= lank">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927*</a><br> <br> =A06. Review of tinnitus<br> J Clin Neurol. 2009 March; 5(1): 11=3D9619.<br> Published online 2009 March 31. doi:<br> 10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.11&lt;<a href=3D"http://dx.crossref.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.= 2009.5.1.11" target=3D"_blank">http://dx.crossref.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2009.5.= 1.11</a>&gt;<br> Copyright &lt;<a href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.ht= ml" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.html<= /a>&gt;=3DA9 2009<br> Korean Neurological Association<br> *Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments*<br> Byung In Han, MD,[image: corresponding author]a Ho Won Lee, MD,b Tae You<br= > Kim, MD,c Jun Seong Lim, MD,d and Kyoung Sik Shin, MDe<br> <br> Margaret Mortz<br> <br> --0016363b7b567e036f04acdf01ad<br> Content-Type: text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1252<br> Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable<br> <br> &lt;div&gt;Recent research indicates some types of subjective=3DA0tinniutus= can be =3D<br> treated with methods to enhance cortical remapping to compensate for missin= =3D<br> g inputs from cochlear damage.=3DA0The premise is that neurons in the audit= or=3D<br> y cortex lose their inhibition when they lose sensory inputs.=3DA0=3DA0A = =3DA0pos=3D<br> sible remedy is to reorganize the neurons to become sensitive to other inpu= =3D<br> ts.=3DA0 =3DA0Is anyone familiar with methods to retrain the brain to compe= nsat=3D<br> e for missing inputs, such as auditory=3DA0discrimination training?=3DA0 Ho= w mu=3D<br> ch of it can be done via interactions with computer programs?&lt;/div&gt;<b= r> &lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;=3DA0&lt;/= div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitl=3D<br> e svTitle&quot;&gt;I was wondering if some type of app for a smartphone wou= ld be ef=3D<br> fective for=3DA0cortical remapping training=3DA0to reduce tinnitus, =3DA0un= der th=3D<br> e supervision of some type of expert? =A0I don&amp;#39;t know what kind of = expert=3D<br> =A0that would be since it is the interface of hearing and psychology, with = co=3D<br> mputer-aided-therapy. &lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt= ;<br> =A0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;(Howev= er, I doubt other types of=3D<br> =A0tinnitus would be affected by cortical remapping; e.g., tinnitus caused = by=3D<br> =A0cerebrovascular disease. )&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quo= t;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;<br> =3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;Here= is some background materi=3D<br> al to the question about retraining the brain to reduce tinnitus.&lt;/div&g= t;&lt;/di=3D<br> v&gt;&lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;d= iv&gt;S. Yang, B. D. Weiner, L. S. Zhang,=3D<br> =A0S.-J. Cho, S. Bao. &lt;strong&gt;Homeostatic plasticity drives tinnitus = percepti=3D<br> on in an animal model&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National= Academy of =3D<br> Sciences&lt;/em&gt;, 2011; 108 (36): 14974 DOI: &lt;a href=3D3D&quot;<a hre= f=3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1=3D 073/pnas.1107998108" target=3D"_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1=3D<br> 073/pnas.1107998108</a>&quot; rel=3D3D&quot;nofollow&quot; target=3D3D&quot= ;_blank&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.110799=3D<br> 8108&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As reported in &lt;a href=3D3D&quot;= <a href=3D"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re=3D leases/2011/09/110912144247.htm" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedaily.= com/re=3D<br> leases/2011/09/110912144247.htm</a>&quot;&gt;<a href=3D"http://www.scienced= aily.com/releases/2011/=3D 09/110912144247.htm" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases= /2011/=3D<br> 09/110912144247.htm</a>&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&g= t;&amp;quot;Bao&amp;#39;s experiments in r=3D<br> ats with induced hearing loss explain why the neurons in the auditory corte= =3D<br> x generate these phantom perceptions. They showed that neurons that have lo= =3D<br> st sensory input from the ear become more excitable and fire spontaneously,= =3D<br> =A0primarily because these nerves have &amp;quot;homeostatic&amp;quot; mech= anisms to =3D<br> keep their overall firing rate constant no matter what.&lt;/p&gt;<br> &lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;With the loss of hearing, you have phantom sounds,&amp;q= uot; said Bao,=3D<br> =A0who himself has tinnitus. In this respect, tinnitus resembles phantom li= mb=3D<br> =A0pain experienced by many amputees,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One treatment strat= egy, then, is =3D<br> to retrain patients so that these brain cells get new input, which should r= =3D<br> educe spontaneous firing. This can be done by enhancing the response to fre= =3D<br> quencies near the lost frequencies. Experiments over the past 30 years, inc= =3D<br> luding important research by Merzenich, have shown that the brain is plasti= =3D<br> c enough to reorganize in this way when it loses sensory input. When a fing= =3D<br> er is amputated, for example, the region of the brain receiving input from = =3D<br> that finger may start handling input from neighboring fingers&lt;/p&gt;<br> &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&l= t;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The above research =3D<br> is consistent with:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2.&lt= ;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;J. W. Middleton, T=3D<br> . Kiritani, C. Pedersen, J. G. Turner, G. M. G. Shepherd, T. Tzounopoulos. = =3D<br> &lt;strong&gt;Mice with behavioral evidence of tinnitus exhibit dorsal coch= lear n=3D<br> ucleus hyperactivity because of decreased GABAergic inhibition&lt;/strong&g= t;. &lt;e=3D<br> m&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt;, 2011; DOI:= &lt;a href=3D<br> =3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100223108" target=3D"= _blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100223108</a>&quot; rel=3D3D&quot;n= ofollow&quot; target=3D3D&quot;_=3D<br> blank&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.1100223108&lt;/a&gt;=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0= =3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0=3DA0 &amp;=3D<br> quot;&lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3.&lt;/= div&gt;&lt;p class=3D3D&quot;authors&quot;&gt;&lt;a title=3D<br> =3D3D&quot;View content where Author is Carlos Herraiz&quot; href=3D3D&quot= ;<a href=3D"http://www.springe" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springe</a>=3D= <br> <a href=3D"http://rlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DCarlos+Herraiz" target=3D"_= blank">rlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DCarlos+Herraiz</a>&quot;&gt;Carlos Her= raiz&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title=3D3D=3D<br> &quot;View content where Author is I. Diges&quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D= "http://www.springerlink.com" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com= </a>=3D<br> /content/?Author=3D3DI.+Diges&quot;&gt;I. Diges&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title=3D3D= &quot;View content where A=3D<br> uthor is P. Cobo&quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.co= m/content/?Author=3D3DP.+=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com= /content/?Author=3D3DP.+=3D</a><br> Cobo&quot;&gt;P. =A0Cobo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title=3D3D&quot;View content wher= e Author is J. M. Aparicio=3D<br> &quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Autho= r=3D3DJ.+M.+Aparicio" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content= /?Author=3D3DJ.+M.+Aparicio</a>&quot;&gt;J. =3D<br> M. Aparicio&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title=3D3D&quot;View content where Author i= s A. Toledano&quot; h=3D<br> ref=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D3DA.= +Toledano" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=3D= 3DA.+Toledano</a>&quot;&gt;A. Toleda=3D<br> no&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Auditory discrimination training for tinnitus trea= tment: the e=3D<br> ffect of different =A0paradigms &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;d= iv class=3D3D&quot;primary&quot;&gt;&lt;a=3D<br> =A0lang=3D3D&quot;en&quot; title=3D3D&quot;Link to the Journal of this Arti= cle&quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://w" target=3D"_blank">http://w</a= >=3D<br> <a href=3D"http://ww.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/" target=3D"_blank"= >ww.springerlink.com/content/0937-4477/</a>&quot;&gt;European Archives of O= to-Rhino-Lary=3D<br> ngology&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div class=3D3D&quot;secondary&quot;&gt;&lt;a lang=3D3D&quot;en&quot; ti= tle=3D3D&quot;Link to the Issue of this =3D<br> Article&quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content= /0937-4477/267/7/" target=3D"_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/content/09= 37-4477/267/7/</a>&quot;&gt;Volu=3D<br> me 267, Number 7&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span class=3D3D&quot;pagination&quot;&gt;10= 67-1074&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span clas=3D<br> s=3D3D&quot;doi&quot;&gt;, &lt;span class=3D3D&quot;label&quot;&gt;DOI:&lt;= /span&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;value&quot;&gt;10.1007/=3D<br> s00405-009-1182-6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div= &gt;4. The physical analog to this type =3D<br> of tinnitus is phantom limb pain, which can be treated cognitively to a cer= =3D<br> tain extent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href= =3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://Scholar.google.com" target=3D"_blank">http://S= cholar.google.com</a>&quot;&gt;=3D<br> <a href=3D"http://Scholar.google.com" target=3D"_blank">Scholar.google.com<= /a>&lt;/a&gt; =3DA0143 citations of &lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;Herta Flor Prof PhD&lt;a href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.sc= iencedirect.com/science/art=3D icle/pii/S014067360004890X#aff1" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect= .com/science/art=3D<br> icle/pii/S014067360004890X#aff1</a>&quot; name=3D3D&quot;baff1&quot;&gt;&lt= ;sup&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&quot;&gt;a&lt;/fo=3D<br> nt&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&quot;&gt;,= &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.sci" t= arget=3D"_blank">http://www.sci</a>=3D<br> <a href=3D"http://encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#cor1= " target=3D"_blank">encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#co= r1</a>&quot; name=3D3D&quot;bcor1&quot;&gt;&lt;=3D<br> a style=3D3D&quot;font-size: smaller; vertical-align: super;&quot; href=3D3= D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.s" target=3D"_blank">http://www.s</a>=3D<br> <a href=3D"http://ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890X#co= r1" target=3D"_blank">ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360004890= X#cor1</a>&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;=3D<br> 2&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=3D3D&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; title=3D3D&qu= ot;Corresponding Author Contac=3D<br> t Information&quot; border=3D3D&quot;0&quot; alt=3D3D&quot;Corresponding Au= thor Contact Information=3D<br> &quot; src=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/enti= ties/REcor.gif" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/en= tities/REcor.gif</a>&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;=3D<br> &lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&quot;&gt;, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;= /sup&gt;&lt;a href=3D3D&quot;mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:flor@xxxxxxxx">flo= r@xxxxxxxx</a>=3D<br> <a href=3D"http://nnheim.de" target=3D"_blank">nnheim.de</a>&quot;&gt;&lt;s= up&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img title=3D3D&quot;E-mail The= Corresponding Aut=3D<br> hor&quot; border=3D3D&quot;0&quot; alt=3D3D&quot;E-mail The Corresponding A= uthor&quot; src=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www" target=3D"_blank">http://w= ww</a>=3D<br> .<a href=3D"http://sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REemail.gif" target= =3D"_blank">sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REemail.gif</a>&quot;&gt;&= lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name=3D<br> =3D3D&quot;b&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Claudia Denke PhD&lt;a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;= font size=3D3D&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, =3D<br= > Michael Schaefer Dipl-psych&lt;a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&qu= ot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Sab=3D<br> ine Gr=3DFCsser PhD&lt;a href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.sciencedirect= .com/science/article/pi=3D i/S014067360004890X#aff2" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc= ience/article/pi=3D<br> i/S014067360004890X#aff2</a>&quot; name=3D3D&quot;baff2&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt= ;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&quot;&gt;b&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/su=3D<br> p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lancet, &lt;a href=3D3D&quot;<a href= =3D"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?=3D _ob=3D3DPublicationURL&amp;amp;_hubEid=3D3D1-s2.0-S0140673600X02437&amp;amp= ;_cid=3D3D2710=3D 74&amp;amp;_pubType=3D3DJL&amp;amp;view=3D3Dc&amp;amp;_auth=3D3Dy&amp;amp;_= acct=3D3DC000228598&amp;amp;=3D _version=3D3D1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=3D3D0&amp;amp;_userid=3D3D10&amp;amp;md5= =3D3D52dc5bb821f662b=3D d343781058bab229b" target=3D"_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?= =3D<br> _ob=3D3DPublicationURL&amp;amp;_hubEid=3D3D1-s2.0-S0140673600X02437&amp;amp= ;_cid=3D3D2710=3D<br> 74&amp;amp;_pubType=3D3DJL&amp;amp;view=3D3Dc&amp;amp;_auth=3D3Dy&amp;amp;_= acct=3D3DC000228598&amp;amp;=3D<br> _version=3D3D1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=3D3D0&amp;amp;_userid=3D3D10&amp;amp;md5= =3D3D52dc5bb821f662b=3D<br> d343781058bab229b</a>&quot;&gt;Volume 357, Issue 9270&lt;/a&gt;, 2 June 200= 1, Pages 1763-1764=3D<br> =3DA0 &lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle= svTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;Effect=3D<br> =A0of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phanto= m =3D<br> limb pain.&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;arti= cleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div=3D<br> &gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;<br> =3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;5. E= ven a mirror technique can=3D<br> =A0help with phantom limb pain.=3DA0 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;ar= ticleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;=3D<br> &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/= 10.1056/NEJMc071927" target=3D"_blank">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056= /NEJMc071927</a>&quot;&gt;http:/=3D<br> /<a href=3D"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927" target=3D"_bl= ank">www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc071927</a>&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;= &lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;= div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svT=3D<br> itle&quot;&gt;=3DA06. Review of tinnitus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot= ;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;di=3D<br> v&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;citation-version&quot;&gt;&lt;/spa= n&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;citation-abbr=3D<br> eviation&quot;&gt;J Clin Neurol. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;cita= tion-publication-date&quot;&gt;2=3D<br> 009 March; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;citation-volume&quot;&gt;5= &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;ci=3D<br> tation-issue&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;citation-flp= ages&quot;&gt;: 11=3D9619. &lt;/span&gt;=3D<br> &lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;fm-vol-iss-date&quot;&gt;Published onli= ne 2009 March 31. &lt;/span=3D<br> &gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;fm-vol-iss-date&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;spa= n class=3D3D&quot;fm-vol-iss-date&quot;&gt;do=3D<br> i: =A0&lt;a class=3D3D&quot;ref-extlink&quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"htt= p://dx.crossref.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://dx.crossre= f.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2=3D</a><br> 009.5.1.11&quot; target=3D3D&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.11&= lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br> &lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;fm-vol-iss-date&quot;&gt;&lt;div class= =3D3D&quot;fm-copyright&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=3D<br> =3D3D&quot;int-reflink&quot; href=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.= nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.ht=3D" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni= h.gov/pmc/about/copyright.ht=3D</a><br> ml&quot;&gt;Copyright&lt;/a&gt;=3DA9 2009 Korean Neurological Association&l= t;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D<br> =3D3D&quot;fm-title&quot;&gt;<br> &lt;strong&gt;Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments= &lt;/stro=3D<br> ng&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;contrib-group fm-author&quot;&gt;= Byung In Han, MD,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img =3D<br> alt=3D3D&quot;corresponding author&quot; src=3D3D&quot;<a href=3D"http://ww= w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pm=3D c/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreh= tml/pm=3D<br> c/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif</a>&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;font size=3D3D&quot;2&q= uot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; Ho Won Lee, MD,=3D<br> &lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; Tae You Kim, MD,&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt; Jun Seong= Lim, MD,&lt;sup&gt;d&lt;/sup&gt; an=3D<br> d =A0Kyoung Sik Shin, MD&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<b= r> &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=3D3D&quot;fm-vol-iss-dat= e&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;=3DA0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/d=3D<br> iv&gt;&lt;div class=3D3D&quot;articleTitle svTitle&quot;&gt;Margaret Mortz&= lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br> <br> --0016363b7b567e036f04acdf01ad--<br> <br> ------------------------------<br> <br> End of AUDITORY Digest - 13 Sep 2011 to 14 Sep 2011 (#2011-208)<br> ***************************************************************<br> </blockquote></div><br></div> --0015175caa2c4581a104acff6075--


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